生物氣候的過度設計（3）

BALAHISHAMSHARIF 呂越 陳忠清

摘要：對城市可持續發展的研究，關鍵在于如何將生態學原理引入城市規劃設計？如何減少對自然環境的影響和破壞，最大限度地節約資源，以較小的能源和物質代價獲取更多的環境舒適性。

關鍵詞：生物；氣候；過度

SOME BASIC WAYS THAT PASSIVE DESIGN ESPOUSE BIOPHILIC DESIGN

Natural ventilation

According to NKBA，passive cooling is a system whereby a buildings structure（or an element of it）is designed to permit increased ventilation and retention of coolness within the building components. Green Idea defined passive cooling as using passive building strategies to relieve the cooling load of a building by capitalizing on such thing as predictable summer breezes or by shading windows from direct summer sunlight. The term “passive” implies that energy-consuming mechanical components like pumps and fans are not used. Passive cooling is considered an “alternative” to mechanical cooling that requires complicated refrigeration system. By employing passive cooling techniques into modern building，one can eliminate mechanical cooling or at least reduce the size and cost of the equipment. Passive cooling is based on the interaction of the building and its surrounding. Passive cooling strategies are adopted according to the local climate. Also called natural cooling，a passive solar energy technique that allows or augments the natural movement of cooler air from exterior，shaded areas of a building through or around a building.

Thus in biophilic design Natural ventilation（movement of air，changes in air temperature，airborne scents）. The movement of fresh air through a space changes everything. It alters our perception of temperature，changes a static environment into one of subtle movement，and brings the world into our homes through scents carried on the breeze. The orientation of the home provides Cross ventilation in all critical spaces through windows，doors，and operable skylights through which fresh air can circulate. Building ventilation is necessary for supporting life by maintaining acceptable levels of oxygen in the air，to prevent carbon dioxide（CO2）from rising to unacceptably high concentrations and to remove odor，moisture and pollution produced internally. Thermal comfort condition of an interior space depend on how well ventilated the space is. In architectural design the knowledge of microclimatic elements is important in design for natural ventilation：wind and local breezes，sun and shadows，humidity and vegetation can strongly contribute to the thermal well-being of the inhabitants. If these elements are manipulated by the creativity of the architect they often inspire new architectural shapes.

NATURAL LIGHTINING

The source of natural light is the sun which provided warmth and light，as well as information about time of the day. Bright daylight has medicinal properties，it entrains circadian rhythms，enhances mood，promotes neurological health，and affects alertness. As sunlight passes from the eye to the brain，it affects the entire body from the spine to the pituitary gland，which depends on light for growth. All colors is light，light is energy，and energy affects every cell of the body. For centuries，scientists have known that people depend on sun for physical well- being. The sun catalyzes many metabolic processes，and when we lack exposure to sunlight，some metabolic pathways sit dormant，reducing our ability to burn fat and expel toxins. Research in hospital settings shows that patients in bright rooms recover more rapidly from illness，show reduced pain levels，take fewer strong analgesics，and stay in the hospital fewer days than patients who are in more dimly lit rooms located in locations where nearby buildings block sun penetration. The benefits of sunlight can be experienced in even brief walks outdoors on a sunny day or through design of spaces that integrate daylight and sun into the interior without jeopardizing the thermal comfort of the interiors as seen in plate 2.4. This office building innovatively includes light，water，and vegetation in a deep building interior，purportedly resulting in enhanced worker comfort，morale，and productivity.

Thus in biophilia design in addition to creating a visually pleasant environment，indoor day light can also enhance the mood，import cognitive functioning，reduces stress and reduce the use of strong pain medicine in hospital settings. Many studied explain the important of day light to the well been of human as such biophilc design embrace passive design to the use of natural lightning in a building. The important of delight as highlights from the "U.S DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY “energy edge” research in coloration with university of Washington. That 90% of the respondent said they like having day light in their workspace. While 83% said they liked the changes in the light both throughout the day and across the season. Also 80% said the amount of daylight its just right，while 20% said its too little.

LANSCAPING

Also Landscaping can be used to enhance a passive cooling system. The use of vegetation to shade a house is a cooling technique that can be very effective. A well-placed plant can deliver effective，cool shade，as well as add to the aesthetic value of a building as well as shade；plants are also effective for cooling because they absorb the heat. Since leaves are generally dark and coarse they reflect very little light，they make ideal solar radiation controllers. Photosynthesis is the way plants convert light into nourishment. During photosynthesis，a process known as evapo-transpiration occurs，in which large amount of water vapor escape through the leaves. That water vapor cools the air passing by it，thus providing a source of cool air for the building.（Givoni，2001）. Strategy planting of trees，shrubs and vines about a building and on structures such as pergolas and beam overhangs can，along with urban form，help to modify the microclimate. When correctly applied，the need for internal and external shading devices can be greatly reduced. Selective planting can shade not only windows and other apertures but also whole facades and roofs，reducing conductive as well as radiative heat gains.

FORM

Building shape and massing have great potential to reduce building energy intensity，but they often fall under the influence of a complex array of factors（planning considerations，building type and use，feasibility and initial）. Certain common building shapes greatly increase envelope area to volume ratio（e.g.，thin high rise towers），which can decrease building energy performance in heating dominant buildings. With a similar square footage，building with a smaller exterior envelope area will achieve better energy efficient performance. A compact building shape significantly reduces the buildings energy intensity and reduces the need for active mechanical systems. Massing optimization can significantly improve passive performance，often without increasing the capital cost. As one of the first design considerations，the massing of a proposed building must account for orientation and other site- specific conditions.

（作者單位：紹興文理學院土木工程學院）