定語(yǔ)從句中的六個(gè)陷阱

定語(yǔ)從句是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中較難掌握的從句之一，其規(guī)則繁雜，難以記憶，因而同學(xué)們?cè)谶\(yùn)用過(guò)程中常常會(huì)掉入種種陷阱，現(xiàn)歸納分析最常見(jiàn)的六種情況，供大家參考。

一、關(guān)系代詞that和which錯(cuò)用

A）雖然that 和which 指物時(shí)均可在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，但在以下情況下只用that而不用which：

（1） 當(dāng)先行詞為all，everthing，anything，nothing，little，much 等不定代詞時(shí)。（something后面的句既可用that也可用which引導(dǎo)）

如：He told us all that he had done.

（2）當(dāng)先行詞被 very，both，the only，all，every，no，any，little，much，some 修飾時(shí)。

如：This is the only English – Chinese dictionary that I have.

（3）當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

如：This is the most beautiful city that I have visited.

（4）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。

如：This is the last lesson that we have this term.

（5） 當(dāng)先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。

如：They talked for hours of things and persons that they rememered at the school.

（6）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。

如：Which is the coat that you like best？

（7）當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，無(wú)論先行詞是人還是物。

如：China is no loner the country that she was.

B）關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只用which不用that 的情況。

（1）關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)并且介詞提至關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)只用which（當(dāng)介詞在從句句尾時(shí)，兩者皆可）。

如：This is the question about which we have had so much discussion.=This is the question which/ that we have had so much discussion about.

（2）在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中必須用which不能用that。

如：They have invited me to visit their country，which is very kind of them.

二、關(guān)系代詞的漏用

定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。（也可以把定語(yǔ)從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語(yǔ)）

如：The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.

（=The student standing there is our monitor.）

三、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的混淆

A）that/ which和when

先行詞是時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“when ”取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)還是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

如：Do you still remember the day （that/which） we first spent together.（作賓語(yǔ)可以省略）

It was on the next day when the baby was born that the mother died.（作狀語(yǔ)）

B）that/which 和where

先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“where”取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)還是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

如：I will never forget the school （that/which） we visited last Sunday.（作賓語(yǔ)可以省略）

Plants cant grow in the place where there is no water.（作狀語(yǔ)）

C）that/which 和why

先行詞是reason 時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“why”取決與該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)還是原因狀語(yǔ)。

如：Is this the reason （that/which） he gives for being late？ （作賓語(yǔ)可以省略）

There are several reasons why we cant do that.（作狀語(yǔ)）

四、定語(yǔ)從句主謂不一致

當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是one of …的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，先行詞為of 后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)先行詞是the（only/ very ） one of …的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

如：This is one of the rooms that are free now.

Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who kowns a little Chinese.

五、定語(yǔ)從句重復(fù)用詞

A）關(guān)系詞與疑問(wèn)詞重復(fù)

若主句以疑問(wèn)詞who/which 開(kāi)頭，為了避免重復(fù)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用that代替。

如：Who is the man that shook hands with you just now？

Which is the book that you want to borrow from me？

B）關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù)

如：This is the jacket which I bought it last month.（誤）

析：關(guān)系代詞which 已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，it 是多余的。

如：Is this the museum where Jane has worked there for twenty years ？（誤）

析：關(guān)系副詞 where 已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，there 多余的。

六、定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的選用

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom指物時(shí)用which，其余的介詞選用要考慮到：1.介詞與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系；2.介詞與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系；3.介詞與從句中形容詞、名詞等的搭配關(guān)系等。（該結(jié)構(gòu)一般可以與對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞相互轉(zhuǎn)換）

【作者簡(jiǎn)介】王曰福，甘肅天祝一中。