廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科,廣東 湛江 524001
【Abstract】 Serious liver damage may ultimately cause liver failure. Much attention has been paid to understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying liver damage and liver regeneration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various types of cells were known as the carriers of information communication and can modulate target cells’ biological behaviours through contents-proteins, mRNA and miRNA. EVs deprived from stem cells can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which is great significance to liver regeneration. This article reviewed the functions of EVs deprived from stem cells to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of those EVs.
【Keywords】 Liver regeneration; Extracellular vesicles; Exosomes; Microvesicles; Stem cells
肝臟不僅是人體營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝最重要的器官,也是有機(jī)體執(zhí)行生物轉(zhuǎn)化功能最大的場(chǎng)所。體內(nèi)外的眾多因素,包括基因性、代謝性、藥物性和病毒性等均可導(dǎo)致肝損傷[1-2]。一方面,急性、嚴(yán)重的肝損傷或慢性肝損傷的急性加重可導(dǎo)致肝功能衰竭、肝性腦病等,甚至短期內(nèi)死亡;另一方面,慢性持續(xù)性的肝損傷可導(dǎo)致肝纖維化,并發(fā)門靜脈高壓、上消化道大出血等,慢性乙型/丙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化和酒精性肝硬化等還可以進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為原發(fā)性肝癌,嚴(yán)重影響患者生命[3-4]。盡管肝細(xì)胞具有強(qiáng)大的再生能力,但在急性、嚴(yán)重的肝損傷時(shí),肝細(xì)胞的再生修復(fù)能力仍不能完全維持肝功能正常[5-6]。而臨床上肝損傷最有效的治療方案仍是肝移植。限于供體肝臟來源有限及術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期的抗排斥治療,能夠接受肝移植手術(shù)的患者非常少。因此,肝損傷及其修復(fù)一直是肝臟疾病研究的前沿?zé)狳c(diǎn)問題。
事實(shí)上,肝損傷的修復(fù)是一個(gè)極為復(fù)雜的病理生理過程,其中涉及許多細(xì)胞與分子事件,肝臟損傷后肝臟精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能重建需要肝內(nèi)外各類型細(xì)胞之間相互協(xié)調(diào)和嚴(yán)格調(diào)控,尤其是肝內(nèi)微環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的重建與維持對(duì)肝功能恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要。最近研究[7]表明:肝內(nèi)外各種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)在細(xì)胞間通信及肝內(nèi)微環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。EVs是一類富含各種蛋白質(zhì)、脂類物質(zhì)及核酸成分如DNA、RNA和microRNA等的……