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蘇打鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)改良土壤的生物性狀

2018-02-28 06:27:07張慶國(guó)馬玉露侯迷紅薩如拉馬金慧呂秀艷

范 富,張慶國(guó),馬玉露,侯迷紅,薩如拉,馬金慧,呂秀艷

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蘇打鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)改良土壤的生物性狀

范 富1,2,張慶國(guó)1,馬玉露1,侯迷紅1,薩如拉1,馬金慧1,呂秀艷1

(1. 內(nèi)蒙古民族大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,通遼 028043; 2. 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)飼用作物工程技術(shù)研究中心,通遼 028000)

為探討鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)對(duì)鹽堿地改良效果,2016年對(duì)鹽堿裸地土、圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)3,5,8 a的魚(yú)塘淤泥及圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻土壤進(jìn)行分析,測(cè)定了各處理土壤樣品生物性狀及土壤呼吸作用。結(jié)果表明,圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5a后種稻對(duì)微生物的改良效果最明顯,與鹽堿裸地土相比,細(xì)菌、纖維素分解菌、亞硝酸細(xì)菌、磷細(xì)菌的數(shù)量分別增加了2.60×106,0.66×104,7.84×105,0.55×105cfu/g。除多酚氧化酶在鹽堿裸地中的活性最大之外,其他酶活性在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a的土壤中改良效果最明顯,脲酶、磷酸酶、過(guò)氧化氫酶、纖維素酶的活性分別提高了0.008 mg/(g·24 h),0.153 mg/(g·24 h),2.035 mg/(g·20 min),0.399 mg/(g·72 h)。CO2釋放量在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)8 a土壤里最大,比原堿土增加了7.41 mg/g。只有細(xì)菌與土壤呼吸呈顯著正相關(guān)(<0.05),土壤生物性狀與土壤呼吸作用沒(méi)有相關(guān)性。

土壤;微生物;酶;蘇打鹽堿地;圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú);生物性狀

0 引 言

蘇打鹽堿地是中國(guó)鹽堿化國(guó)土資源的主要類(lèi)型之一[1]。內(nèi)蒙古通遼市由于受半干旱季風(fēng)氣候,地下水狀況以及元素遷移的地球化學(xué)過(guò)程等因素的影響,導(dǎo)致其境內(nèi)形成了大面積的鹽堿土[2-11]。通遼市有堿化鹽土1.7萬(wàn)hm2、草甸堿土13.9萬(wàn)hm2和蘇打鹽堿化土壤52.6萬(wàn)hm2,土壤生產(chǎn)力極低,大部分荒蕪的裸堿土。所以,改良并合理利用鹽堿地已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今人們關(guān)注的一項(xiàng)重要問(wèn)題。

鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)后種稻是改良鹽堿地行之有效的途徑。西遼河流域低洼鹽堿地屬于蘇打堿化土壤,堿化度高,圍堤積水后水質(zhì)不易調(diào)控,干旱水體濃縮更易導(dǎo)致堿化度增高,危及魚(yú)類(lèi)的正常生命活動(dòng)。通過(guò)引注深層地下水及合理施肥,稀釋、酸化中和、離子代換以減少水體的鹽堿成分,養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后既培肥水體,又改善水體生態(tài)。養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻更加速鹽堿地的修復(fù),原因是水稻在生命活動(dòng)過(guò)程中借助發(fā)達(dá)的根系,釋放出大量的二氧化碳溶于水而形成碳酸;碳酸一方面可中和碳酸鈉和重碳酸鈉,降低土壤的pH值,另一方面促進(jìn)土壤中含有的難溶性碳酸鈣的溶解;溶液中鈣離子與土壤膠體吸附的鈉離子發(fā)生交換,交換出來(lái)的鈉離子隨灌溉水被淋洗。

近年來(lái),很多研究者探究挖坑養(yǎng)魚(yú)對(duì)鹽堿地的改良效果。楊富億[12]利用鹽堿地稻田養(yǎng)魚(yú)的方式改良鹽堿地,研究表明,稻田養(yǎng)魚(yú)對(duì)鹽堿地的改良效果十分顯著。龍藏瑞[13]利用低洼鹽堿地藕塘養(yǎng)魚(yú)技術(shù)來(lái)改良鹽堿地,也取得了顯著的成效。繳建華等[14]研究了鹽堿地封閉循環(huán)水養(yǎng)魚(yú)對(duì)鹽堿地水質(zhì)的變化。

本次試驗(yàn)是在通遼市科爾沁左翼中旗代力吉鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行的,分析圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)不同年限魚(yú)塘內(nèi)淤泥的生物性狀及呼吸作用。土壤酶活性、土壤微生物數(shù)量是表示土壤肥力水平的重要指標(biāo)。此種改良方式,在本區(qū)域后續(xù)的鹽堿地利用上,有一定的參考價(jià)值。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)土壤性質(zhì)

試驗(yàn)在通遼市科爾沁左翼中旗代力吉鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行,未改良過(guò)的土壤pH值為9.52;原始土壤呼吸值為1.10 mg/g;細(xì)菌、磷細(xì)菌、纖維素分解菌、亞硝酸細(xì)菌的原始數(shù)量分別為1.15×106,0.17×105,1.89×104,0.24×105cfu/g;多酚氧化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、過(guò)氧化氫酶、纖維素酶在原堿裸地中的活性分別為0.408 mg/(g·24 h)、0.079 mg/(g·24 h)、0.032 mg/(g·24 h)、0.435 mg/(g·20 min)、1.918 mg/(g·72 h)。

1.2 試驗(yàn)過(guò)程

于2016年10月12日在通遼市代力吉鎮(zhèn)采樣,在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)池塘旁將未處理過(guò)的鹽堿裸地土作為對(duì)照,在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)3 a、養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a、養(yǎng)魚(yú)8 a池塘內(nèi)部采用對(duì)角線的方式分別采取5點(diǎn)0~20 cm的淤泥,在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻的大田里以同樣的方式取5點(diǎn)0~20 cm土樣。將土樣混合均勻,裝入無(wú)菌袋,放入冰箱中在4 ℃下低溫保存。

1.3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方案

在鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)區(qū)設(shè)4個(gè)處理,將圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)3、5、8 a及圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻的土樣分別標(biāo)記為Y1、Y2、Y3、S,將鹽堿裸地土作為對(duì)照,在試驗(yàn)記錄中標(biāo)記為CK。

1.4 測(cè)試項(xiàng)目及方法

采用稀釋法測(cè)定亞硝酸細(xì)菌、纖維素分解菌、磷細(xì)菌,采用稀釋平板涂布法測(cè)定細(xì)菌[15],采用比色法測(cè)定磷酸酶、脲酶、纖維素酶、多酚氧化酶,采用滴定法測(cè)定H2O2酶,采用堿吸收滴定法測(cè)定土壤的呼吸作用[16]。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

利用Wps軟件與DPS (Data Processing System)3.01軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理與分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤內(nèi)微生物數(shù)量的變化

由表1可知,相同處理下,土壤中細(xì)菌數(shù)量最多。在不同處理下,Y3的細(xì)菌數(shù)量最多,比CK增加了2.60×106cfu/g;Y3與其他處理之間有差異,與Y2有顯著差異。纖維素分解菌在Y1中的數(shù)量最多,比CK增加了5.21×104cfu/g,而在Y2和Y3中,纖維素分解菌的數(shù)量分別減少了0.56×104和1.22×104cfu/g,Y1與其他處理之間有顯著差異,其他處理之間無(wú)差異。亞硝酸細(xì)菌在S中數(shù)量最高,比CK增加了7.84×105cfu/g,而在Y1的土壤中,亞硝酸細(xì)菌的數(shù)量下降了0.09×105cfu/g,各處理之間無(wú)差異。磷細(xì)菌在Y2數(shù)量最高,比CK增加了0.87×105cfu/g,Y2與Y1有顯著差異。在S下纖維素分解菌、亞硝酸細(xì)菌、磷細(xì)菌的數(shù)量比Y3的多,可能是因?yàn)樵赮3下,養(yǎng)魚(yú)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),氧分消耗量大,微生物活動(dòng)性較小,而在S下,微生物活動(dòng)性較大。

表1 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤內(nèi)微生物數(shù)量的變化

注:CK,Y1,Y2,Y3和S分別表示鹽堿裸地土、圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)3, 5, 8 a及圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻。大小寫(xiě)字母分別表示同列數(shù)據(jù)在<0.01和<0.05水平下差異顯著。下同。

Note: CK, Y1, Y2 Y3, S were the samples of saline alkalin soil, diking for fish 3, 5, 8 a, and dike fishing 5 a +rice planting. Different capital and lower letters with in same line indicate significant difference at<0.01 and<0.05. The same as below.

2.2 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤內(nèi)酶活性的變化

由表2可知,相同處理下,土壤脲酶活性最小,土壤纖維素酶活性最大。在不同處理下,多酚氧化酶活性在CK中最大。脲酶活性在Y2中最大,比CK增加了0.008 mg/(g·24 h),在Y3中活性最小,比CK下降了0.034 mg/(g·24 h),各處理間無(wú)差異。磷酸酶在Y2中活性最大,比CK增加了0.153 mg/(g·24 h),Y1、Y3、S間無(wú)顯著差異,CK、Y1、Y2處理之間有顯著差異(0.01)。過(guò)氧化氫酶在Y3中的活性最大,比CK增加了2.035 mg/(g·20 min),各處理間差異顯著。纖維素酶在S中活性最大,比CK增加了1.611 mg/(g·72 h),Y3比CK增加0.399 mg/(g·72 h)各處理間無(wú)差異。在S處理下的脲酶、磷酸酶的活性比Y2的大,說(shuō)明土壤中N、P含量有所下降,可能是因?yàn)镾是在養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后的第一年,并沒(méi)有對(duì)水稻進(jìn)行施肥,所以酶活性下降。

表2 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤內(nèi)酶活性的變化

2.3 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤呼吸變化

由表2可知,各處理土壤呼吸狀況,CK的CO2排放量最小,Y3的CO2排放量最大,Y3比CK增長(zhǎng)了7.41 mg/g,CK與Y1、Y2與S間無(wú)顯著差異。

2.4 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤呼吸與酶活性和微生物數(shù)量的相關(guān)分析

由表3可知,土壤呼吸作用與多酚氧化酶和脲酶的活性呈負(fù)相關(guān),與磷酸酶、過(guò)氧化氫酶和纖維素酶的活性呈正相關(guān),但均不顯著。由此表明,土壤呼吸作用與各種酶活性之間沒(méi)有顯著性的關(guān)系。土壤的呼吸作用只與纖維素分解菌呈負(fù)相關(guān),與細(xì)菌、亞硝酸細(xì)菌、磷細(xì)菌都為正相關(guān);其中,只與細(xì)菌成顯著相關(guān)。由此分析,土壤呼吸作用與土壤微生物數(shù)量沒(méi)有較大的關(guān)聯(lián)性。

表3 鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)土壤呼吸與酶活性和微生物數(shù)量的相關(guān)分析

注:=5,=5;*表示顯著相關(guān)(<0.05);**表示極顯著相關(guān)(<0.01)。

Note:=5,=5, * indicates significant correlation (<0.05); ** indicates very significant correlation (<0.01).

3 討 論

前人開(kāi)發(fā)鹽堿地稻田養(yǎng)魚(yú)試驗(yàn)[17],開(kāi)發(fā)改造天然鹽堿泡沼用以養(yǎng)魚(yú)[18],開(kāi)發(fā)改造鹽堿閉流區(qū)葦塘;以地下水和稻田排水為水源,采取注水與施肥相結(jié)合的鹽堿水質(zhì)淡化措施[19];已取得初步結(jié)果[20];王建玉等[21]利用鹽堿灘地開(kāi)挖池塘、抬田,抬田種植農(nóng)作物、水果,實(shí)現(xiàn)了魚(yú)-農(nóng)-果立體綜合開(kāi)發(fā)綜合治理的良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益;種稻和養(yǎng)魚(yú)都能促進(jìn)土壤脫鹽脫堿[22];養(yǎng)魚(yú)活動(dòng)勢(shì)必對(duì)水體中其他生物群落以及整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能產(chǎn)生一定的下行影響[23-24]。投餌和投餌養(yǎng)魚(yú)圍隔水體中總氮、溶解性氮以及硝態(tài)氮濃度下降,氨氮和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度增加[25]。投餌養(yǎng)魚(yú)極大降低了水體中氮磷質(zhì)量濃度比[26]。不同的圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)年份對(duì)鹽堿地的生物性狀改良效果不同。由表1和表2可知,多酚氧化酶活性隨pH值的增加而增大,這與郝建朝[27]的研究結(jié)果一致,所以多酚氧化酶在原堿裸地土中的活性最大。楊富億等[28]提出,池塘淤泥中存在大量細(xì)菌,好氣性細(xì)菌一般是在淤泥表層占優(yōu)勢(shì),在淤泥中由于缺乏氧氣,嫌氣性細(xì)菌占優(yōu)勢(shì)。所以,隨著養(yǎng)魚(yú)年份的增長(zhǎng),細(xì)菌數(shù)量呈上升趨勢(shì)。但是,并不是養(yǎng)魚(yú)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)改良效果越好,部分特性在5 a后水稻土中的效果比養(yǎng)魚(yú)8 a的好,鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)種稻,成為了水稻-水-土壤界面,提高了光、熱、氣的交換性能,土溫、水溫升高,促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分快速分解,從而使土壤微生物活性、酶活性進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng);這與張金宗[29]研究結(jié)果一致。霍洪明等[30]認(rèn)為,土壤呼吸與土壤生物特性存在著一定的關(guān)系,隨著土壤呼吸值的增加,細(xì)菌數(shù)量會(huì)增加,酶活性也會(huì)增大,但本試驗(yàn)中,土壤呼吸值與生物特性并沒(méi)有多大的關(guān)系,可能與采樣時(shí)間和試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的誤差所導(dǎo)致,采樣時(shí)間在夏季,魚(yú)的活動(dòng)量較小,水中含氧量較少,影響著土壤的生物特性。

4 結(jié) 論

不同的圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)年份對(duì)鹽堿地的改良效果不同,圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5a后種稻對(duì)微生物的改良效果最明顯,細(xì)菌、纖維素分解菌、亞硝酸細(xì)菌、磷細(xì)菌的數(shù)量都呈上升趨勢(shì),與鹽堿裸地土相比,分別增加了2.60×106,0.66×104,7.84×105,0.55×105cfu/g。

除多酚氧化酶在鹽堿裸地土中的活性最大之外,其他酶的活性在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a的土壤中最理想,脲酶、磷酸酶、過(guò)氧化氫酶、纖維素酶的活性分別提高了0.008 mg/(g·24 h),0.153 mg/(g·24 h),2.035 mg/(g·20 min),0.399 mg/(g·72 h)。CO2的釋放量在圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)8a的土壤里最大,比原堿土增加了7.41 mg/g。

土壤的生物性狀與土壤的呼吸作用相關(guān)性不顯著;養(yǎng)魚(yú)8 a土樣細(xì)菌的數(shù)量與其他處理有極顯著差異。總體來(lái)說(shuō),在本次試驗(yàn)中,圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)5 a后種稻是改良鹽堿地最有效的方式。

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Improving biological traits by soda alkali-saline land diking for fish

Fan Fu1,2, Zhang Qinguo1, Ma Yulu1, Hou Mihong1, Sa Rula1, Ma Jinhui1, Lü Xiuyan1

(1.028043,; 2.,028000,)

Soda saline-alkali land is one of the main types of salinized land resources in China. Due to the influence of semi-arid monsoon climate, groundwater condition and geochemical process of element migration in Tongliao City of Inner Mongolia, a large area of saline-alkali soil has been formed. The low-lying saline-alkali land in the West Liaohe River Basin belongs to the soda alkaline soil with high alkalinity. And for most of the barren bare alkaline soil, soil productivity was very low. Planting rice after embankment and fish culture in saline-alkali soil was one of the effective ways of improving saline-alkali soil. In order to investigate the improvement effect of embankment and fish culture on saline-alkali soil, the biological traits and respiration of various soil samples were tested in 2016.The pH value of soil samples was 9.52,and soil respiration was 1.10 mg/g.The activity of soil enzyme and the amount of soil microorganism were the important indices to indicate the soil fertility level. The biological traits included the numbers of microorganisms (nitrite bacteria, cellulose decomposing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria), which were counted with dilution flat plate coating method,and the soil enzyme activity included phosphatase, urease, cellulase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase, which were determined by colorimetric method and titration method.Additionally, the soil respiration was measured by alkali absorption titration method. The soil samples were taken from the ponds in Horqin Left Middle Banner, Tongliao City, where fish culture lasted for 3, 5 and 8 years, respectively, and rice was planted after 5-year fish culture and bare alkaline soil was taken as the control. The results showed that among the fish culture of different years, planting rice after 5-year fish culture had the most obvious improvement effect on the microorganism. Compared with the bare saline soil, the numbers of soil bacteria, cellulose decomposing bacteria, rice nitrite bacteria, and phosphorus bacteria were increased respectively by 2.60×106, 0.66×104, 7.84×105, and 0.55×105cfu/g. It was not that the longer the fish culture time, the better the improvement effect on the soda saline-alkali land. Except the activity of polyphenol oxidase that was the highest in the bare alkaline soil, all the other enzyme activities had the most obvious improvement in the soil of fish culture for 5 years. The activities of urease, phosphatase, catalase and cellulase were increased respectively by 0.008 mg/g every 24 h, 0.153 mg/g every 24 h, 2.035 mg/g every 20 min and 0.399 mg/g every 72 h. The release amount of CO2was the highest in the soil of fish culture for 8 years, 7.41 mg/g higher than that in the bare alkaline soil. Only bacteria number was positively correlated with soil respiration (<0.05). There was no correlation between soil biological properties and soil respiration. The research has a certain reference value to the regional follow-up use of the saline-alkali land. In the early stage of utilization, we should pay attention to the improvement of fertilizer, increase the application of organic manure, rationally arrange irrigation, and make the utilization of soda salinized soil develop in a benign direction. We will study the effect of different ages on the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the soda saline-alkali soil after embankment and fish culture. It will provide a reliable basis for the protection and utilization of soda saline-alkali land resources.

soils; microorganism; enzymes; soda alkali-saline land; diking fish; biological traits

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.019

S156.4

A

1002-6819(2018)-02-0142-05

2017-08-02

2017-12-03

國(guó)家自然基金項(xiàng)目(31760372);內(nèi)蒙古自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2013MS0605);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技創(chuàng)新引導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目(KJCX1602);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)飼用作物工程技術(shù)研究中心開(kāi)放課題(MDK2017002)

范 富,男,內(nèi)蒙古化德人,教授,主要從事植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控和土壤改良方面的研究。Email:fanfu63@163.com

范 富,張慶國(guó),馬玉露,侯迷紅,薩如拉,馬金慧,呂秀艷. 蘇打鹽堿地圍堤養(yǎng)魚(yú)改良土壤的生物性狀[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(2):142-146. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.019 http://www.tcsae.org

Fan Fu, Zhang Qinguo, Ma Yulu, Hou Mihong, Sa Rula, Ma Jinhui, Lü Xiuyan. Improving biological traits by soda alkali-saline land diking for fish[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(2): 142-146. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.019 http://www.tcsae.org

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