黃漸法



【摘要】詞匯學習是語言學習的重要組成部分,是學好語言的基礎。文章從框定目標詞匯、注重詞匯在文本語境中的復現和習得以及引導學生運用目標詞匯等方面入手,使學生能在具體的閱讀語境中多次接觸和運用這些詞匯,從而達到提高閱讀課中詞匯教學實效的目的。
【關鍵詞】詞匯;閱讀課;語境;復現;教學實效
人類學家馬林諾夫斯基(Malinowski)于1923年提出情景語境概念,它是指語篇產生時周圍的情況、參與者的關系等。它可以幫助學生理解和掌握不同的話語背景、事件發生的時間和地點、個人經歷、參與者以及相互關系的詞語意義(Thompson,1996,轉引自李麗君等,2009)。著名語言學家呂叔湘也提出“詞語要嵌在上下文里頭才有生命,才容易記住,才知道用法”。《新課程標準》對于各級別詞匯教學提出了不同的目標,強調了理解詞匯和運用詞匯的能力。而高中英語每個單元都會圍繞一個主題,因此,將目標詞匯放到有著豐富語境的課文中,不僅能幫助學生更好地理解單詞,也為單詞提供了一個話題背景。學生在理解和運用詞匯時聯想到的不再是單個的詞匯,而是一幅有色彩的畫面、一個生動的故事。筆者在本文中應用了借助閱讀課的話題語境并注重詞匯復現的方式進行詞匯教學,從而提升了閱讀課上詞匯教學的實效。
一、問題的提出
在人教版英語模塊7 Unit 1 Living well的閱讀教學的課堂觀察中,筆者發現教師基本按照傳統的教學方法從詞匯表開始教學,先帶著學生讀兩遍詞匯表里的生詞,再讓學生花點時間熟悉單詞,接著就開始進入文本內容梳理;在第二課時中,教師根據自己的教學經驗整理出一些重點詞匯進行講解,然后借助詞匯填空或翻譯等機械性練習進行鞏固訓練。但是課后發現教學效果并不理想,本單元完成后還有不少學生對重點詞匯沒有掌握,特別在具體運用環節中出現詞匯誤用等問題。
為此,筆者分析了傳統的詞匯教學方法效果不理想的原因。一方面,新課程教材中每個單元的詞匯量比以前增加了,在閱讀后集中填鴨式教詞匯,使學生抓不住重點;更為嚴重的是,這種脫離語境的教學學生不容易記住,同時也無法很好地理解掌握詞匯的核心意義和在具體情境中的用法,因此在使用詞匯時常常會把單詞張冠李戴(王瑞雪.2016)。經過分析,筆者意識到,閱讀課中對于詞匯教學的方法還有待改進。于是在模塊7的第二單元教學中,筆者對于閱讀中的詞匯教學嘗試進行了改進。
二、閱讀課中的詞匯教學課例分析
(一)課前準備
1.詞匯分級,框定目標詞匯
備課時教師首先確定目標詞匯,參考新課標英語詞匯分級和《朗文當代英語詞典(第四版)》所標出詞頻,確定重點單詞,列出以詞性分類的文本中16個重點生詞:
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.envy desire alarm accompany declare
phrases.test out ring up
2.布置預習,了解目標詞匯(要求包含但不限于這16個詞)
(1)Underline the target words and phrases in the context to highlight them.
(2)Try to work out the meaning by referring to the context.
(3)Fill in the chart with the help of the reference books if coming across any confusing words in the text.
【設計說明】詞匯分級讓教師對目標詞匯了然于心,做到有的放矢。讓學生劃出目標詞匯有利于學生找到重點詞匯,利用語境猜測生詞或難詞的意義,并用工具書驗證猜測結果,提高學生自主學習的能力,也為目標詞匯教學做好準備。
(二)課堂教學步驟
1.Pre-reading
Step1: 創設語境,導入目標詞匯;英英釋義,準確理解目標詞匯。
(教師陳述,引出詞匯)The other day, accompanied by my parents, I went to the No.1 Peoples Hospital to visit my aunt, who had just given birth to a baby.At the sight of her, I felt alarmed for she was so overweight that she was not as elegant as she used to be.When I mentioned this change to her, she laughed and replied that her appearance was not to her satisfaction as well, but we didnt need to feel sympathy for her.Because she would lose weight after the birth and she was certain to become even more elegant and beautiful than before.I desired her wish would come true when I saw her next time.
(1)alarmed:worried or frightened.
(2)elegant:tasteful and stylish in appearance or manner.endprint
(3)overweight: heavier than is usual or allowed; too fat.
(4)desire: wish for something; want.
(5)sympathy: sharing the feelings of others; feeling of pity for sb.
(6)accompany: walk or travel with sb as a partner.
(7)satisfaction: feeling of contentment felt when one has or achieves what one needs.
【設計說明】教師創設情景語境來教學詞匯,目的是使詞匯在學生的頭腦中從單調枯燥的字符轉變成生動形象的圖片(徐琳,2010)。教師創設情景語境,讓學生在具體的語境中接觸本堂課的目標詞匯并形成初步印象,同時用英英釋義來培養學生英語思維習慣,避免漢語翻譯造成的誤解。
2.While-reading
Step2: 快速閱讀文本,在語境中感知詞匯。
(1)How many characters are mentioned in the text?
(2)What were Claires problems? What did Tony do to help?
Step3: 梳理文本細節信息,注重詞匯在語境中的含義。
Step4: 理清故事發展順序,再次遷入目標詞匯,注重復現。
Read the text quickly then put the following events into correct order:
a.Claire borrowed a pile of books for Tony to read
b.Claire mentioned she wasnt clever.But she thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot
c.The clerk was rude to Claire, so she rang Tony up to change the clerks attitude
d.Tony folded his arms around Claire and declared he didnt want to leave her
e.Claire knew that Gladys thought she was having an affair.
b-a-c-e-d
【設計說明】步驟二至步驟四是學生對文本進行快速閱讀和精讀的過程,學生對于目標詞匯有了在本文的故事情節中的進一步理解和感知,增加了可理解性的語言輸入,為后面用目標詞匯的輸出過程打下了基礎。
Step5: 創設對話語境,梳理課文的同時幫助學生在對話中初步運用目標詞匯。
Make the outline with the guidance of the following questions.
Satisfaction Guaranteed
T: What was the Larrys company experimenting with? (A robot-Tony.)
T: By whom was it going to be tested out? (It would be tested out by Claire.)
T: How did Claire feel when she first saw the robot? (She felt alarmed.)
T: What did Claire mention one day? (Claire mentioned that she wasnt clever.)
T: What did Tony say? (Tony said she must feel very unhappy.)
T: How did Claire feel about the sympathy?(Claire thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot.)
T: What happened in the shop?(When the clerk was rude, Claire rang tony up and changed the clerks attitude.But Gladys thought Claire was having an affair.)
T: What did Tony do at the party?(Tony folded his arms around Claire, declaring that he didnt want to leave her.)
【設計說明】在這個步驟中,學生通過教師的引導,在師生對話梳理文本內容的過程中,注重復現并口頭運用目標詞匯。同時,教師在黑板上板書關鍵詞,為下一步的復述和運用詞匯做好鋪墊。并且,學生詞匯運用中出現的錯誤也得到及時的糾正。
3.Post-reading
Step6: 根據關鍵詞復述課文,借助文本語境提升運用詞匯能力。
Now try to retell the story orally with the help of key words listed on the blackboard.endprint
experiment with test out alarmed absurd
sympathy rude ring up have an affair declare
附學生范例:
Claires husband, Larry, worked for a robot company.The company had begun experimenting with a household robot, which would be tested out by Claire.The moment Claire saw the robot—Tony, she felt alarmed at his appearance and intelligence.One day, Claire mentioned she was not clear, Tony offered sympathy for her.And Claire thought it absurd but began to trust him.On another occasion, when a clerk was rude to Claire, she rang Tony up and he helped a lot as well.Unluckily, Gladys overheard it when Claire called Tony a “dear” and thought she was having an affair.
【設計說明】步驟六是借助文本語境的語言輸出過程,這個過程既能讓學生加深對課文內容的理解和記憶,又讓他們在借助閱讀語境概括文本并對所學詞匯加以口頭運用。學生對詞匯的理解和運用能力得以提升。
Step7: 編寫英語故事,引導學生構建新的語境運用目標詞匯(若時間不夠可在課后完成)。
You are supposed to create a story containing the following words as many as possible.
展開想象,用所學單詞編寫一個完整的故事,盡可能多地使用所給單詞。
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile affair
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.desire alarm accompany declare
Phrases.test out ring up experiment with
附學生習作:
Long long ago.There lived a bear in a forest.He ate a pile of leaves everyday.After he was full, he immediately went to sleep.
One day, before he fell asleep, he noticed a bird who was flying in the sky.He thought it elegant and declared that he could fly as well as the bird.
He spent a month inventing a machine that could take him fly.After finishing making it, he looked at it with great satisfaction and rang his friends up and desired them to see him test out the machine.Accompanied by the friends who all felt alarmed, he failed in the flight and lost his life because of being too overweight.
It was absurd of the fat bear to follow the bird, however, when you feel sympathy for the bear, you may admire his bravery.
【設計說明】步驟七是更高層次的語言輸出過程,教師基于學生在閱讀語境中的詞匯習得情況,為學生設置了提升運用目標詞匯的開放性的寫作任務。學生的想象力被調動起來,目標詞匯也在新的語境得到進一步的運用提升。
Step8: Homework.
a.學習小組交換修改含有目標詞匯的自編故事并交給教師批閱。
b.熟讀課文,背誦標識過的目標詞匯及其所在句子。
(三)閱讀課后的詞匯循環復現,幫助學生熟記并運用詞匯
在本堂閱讀教學課結束之后,學生對于這些目標詞匯在本單元中的學習并沒有結束。筆者通過配套練習進一步拓展詞匯在具體語境中的運用,并在備課組內分工合作選取相近話題的閱讀文本來復現和拓展核心詞匯,從而保證了學生對于閱讀文本中目標詞匯的鞏固和掌握。
三、結語
在完成了這堂依托閱讀文本語境學習目標詞匯教學的閱讀課之后, 學生已經基本理解并能初步運用這些目標單詞。由于他們是在閱讀文本的具體語境中掌握這些目標詞匯的,因此這些詞匯在學生的頭腦中留下了比較深刻的印記。本課結束以后,教師對學生編寫的英語故事進行了批閱,發現學生對于這些詞匯的運用基本到位,在和學生的交談中也發現學生對這樣的詞匯教學方法比較容易接受。因此,本課基本達成了依托語境,注重復現,提高詞匯教學實效的目標。
【參考文獻】
[1]中華人民共和國教育部.普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
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[3]王瑞雪.基于詞塊的高中英語詞匯教學探索[J].教育現代化,2016(21):149-150.
[4]李麗君,伍潔瓊,杜捷.英語詞匯學教學中的語境策略的應用[J].華南熱帶作物學院學報,2009(02):75-76.endprint