林海敏 孔玲玲 于金明 綜述 韓大力 審校
原發(fā)性肝癌的發(fā)病率位居全球惡性腫瘤的第五位,中國惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率第四位,在全球和中國癌癥相關死亡原因中分別位居第二位和第三位[1-2]。在原發(fā)性肝癌中,肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占75%,膽管細胞癌占15%,其余為混合型肝癌等[3]。HCC的根治性治療主要包括手術、肝移植和消融術。然而,就診時僅少數(shù)病例為可切除病變[4],其他治療方式包括經(jīng)導管動脈化學栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、放射治療、化療和靶向治療等。隨著放療技術的發(fā)展,放射治療對肝功能良好的各期別HCC的治療均具有重要作用,而且放射治療聯(lián)合其他治療(TACE、靶向治療等)已經(jīng)成為不可切除HCC的重要治療手段[5-6]。本文重點闡述外照射放療在各期別HCC治療中的進展。
大多數(shù)HCC患者伴有不同程度的肝臟基礎疾病,如肝炎和肝硬化,20%~30%肝癌患者可從根治性手術中獲益[7-8]。射頻消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治療不可切除小HCC(直徑≤5 cm的HCC)的局部控制率達70%~90%[9],然而電極針[10]可能損傷穿刺路徑周圍器官而引起嚴重并發(fā)癥,如出血、膽汁瘺等,而且病灶周邊血流會降低RFA的熱效應。研究表明,小HCC立體定向放射治療(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT)與RFA治療局部控制率相似均達90%以上[11-14],生存期[9]亦相似(6.4年vs.6.5年),但對于腫瘤直徑>2 cm的小HCC[9],SBRT療效優(yōu)于RFA,且無創(chuàng)。Su等[15]采用SBRT治療132例不可行手術切除的原發(fā)性或復發(fā)性小肝癌,1年局部控制率達90.9%,1、3和5年的總生存率(overall survival,OS)分別為94.1%、73.5%和64.3%;無進展生存率(progression-free survival,PFS)分別為82.7%、58.3%和36.4%;而3度及以上肝毒性為8.3%;多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),患者OS與Child-Pugh分級有關,PFS與病灶數(shù)目有關。Child-Pugh B患者的OS少于Child-Pugh A,多結節(jié)病灶患者的PFS少于單發(fā)病灶。Su等[16]回顧性分析比較SBRT與手術治療小HCC的療效,結果顯示SBRT與手術治療的1、2和5年的OS及PFS差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。肝毒性相似,但SBRT治療肝臟出血、肝區(qū)疼痛、體質(zhì)量減輕等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于手術治療,其主要不良反應為急性惡心。SBRT治療小肝癌SBRT的劑量為18~50 Gy/1~10 f,6~15 Gy/次[15-22]。
SBRT的不良反應包括急性不良反應和慢性不良反應。急性不良反應通常包括轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、白細胞減少、血小板減少和惡心[18,21],多為1~3級。慢性不良反應則相對少見,主要發(fā)生在治療6個月后,包括器官功能失代償和胃十二指腸潰瘍,少數(shù)患者因肝衰竭而死亡[19,22]。
肝臟為劑量限制性器官,既往對大肝癌不建議放療,但近些年的研究表明,大肝癌亦可采用外照射放療,其療效和安全性較好。Guarneri等[23]回顧性分析腫瘤直徑>3 cm的HCC患者采用SBRT治療的局部控制率和OS,2年局部控制率和OS分別為100.0%和57.9%。Gkika等[24]報道大肝癌(直徑5~10 cm)采用SBRT治療局部控制率高,不良反應較小,47例HCC患者給予平均45 Gy,3~12次的SBRT治療,結果顯示1年局部控制率為77%,中位OS(median OS,mOS)為9個月,2度及以上胃腸道反應占6.4%,Child-Pugh評分肝功能惡化占10.6%,1例患者發(fā)生放射性肝損傷,1例患者發(fā)生肝衰竭。Que等[25]報道SBRT治療巨大HCC(直徑≥10cm)可使腫瘤實質(zhì)縮小,延長患者生存期,22例不可行手術切除的巨大肝癌SBRT治療后,客觀緩解率(objective response rate,ORR)、1年OS、1年PFS和mOS分別為83.6%、55.6%、50.0%和11個月,不良反應為中度。
據(jù)估計,10%~40%的HCC患者就診時合并門靜脈癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT),PVTT可導致門脈高壓、肝功能惡化、肝內(nèi)或肝外轉(zhuǎn)移,是HCC預后不良因素之一[26]。對于HCC合并PVTT,歐美指南[27]推薦索拉非尼單藥治療,中國2016版肝癌合并門脈癌栓診療共識[28]則根據(jù)PVTT類型(Ⅰ0型:鏡下瘤栓;Ⅰ型:門靜脈段及以上的癌栓;Ⅱ型:門靜脈左/右支癌栓;Ⅲ型:門靜脈主干癌栓;Ⅳ型:腸系膜上靜脈癌栓)、ECOG評分和Child-Pugh分級推薦治療方式:1)Ⅰ/Ⅱ型、Child-Pugh A和ECOG 0~1分推薦外科手術治療(證據(jù)等級Ⅱb,A級推薦);2)不可手術切除Ⅰ/Ⅱ型、Child-Pugh A推薦TACE(證據(jù)等級Ⅱb,B級推薦);3)不能手術的Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ型和Child-Pugh A和Ⅰ/Ⅱ型推薦三維適形放療或調(diào)強放療外照射放療(證據(jù)等級Ⅱb,B級推薦),SBRT(證據(jù)等級Ⅱb,A級);3)Child-Pugh C,伴腹水或胃十二指腸出血以全身治療為主(證據(jù)等級Ⅰb,A級推薦)。Nakazawa等[29]報道,放療比索拉菲尼更適合作為HCC合并門靜脈主干及其大分支癌栓的一線治療。放療聯(lián)合其他治療可改善患者預后。Koo等[30]報道,放療聯(lián)合TACE與單獨行TACE治療HCC合并PVTT的有效率分別為43%和14%,而且聯(lián)合治療OS更長(平均11.7個月vs.4.7個月)。Zhang等[31]報道放療聯(lián)合TACE治療HCC的1年OS明顯高于單獨TACE治療(33%vs.7%)。Yoon等[32]報道晚期HCC可采用TACE聯(lián)合放療治療可穩(wěn)定門脈癌栓。Kim等[33]采用大分割螺旋斷層放射治療HCC合并門脈癌栓,發(fā)現(xiàn)有效組的mOS較無效組mOS更長(13.9個月vs.6.9個月)。Tang等[34]比較三維適形放療聯(lián)合TACE與手術治療HCC合并門靜脈癌栓生存期,結果顯示放療聯(lián)合TACE治療的mOS長于手術(12.3個月vs.10個月),放療聯(lián)合TACE組1、2、3年的OS分別為51.6%、28.4%和19.9%,手術組分別為40.1%、17.0%和13.6%。Ⅱ期臨床研究表明[35],TACE聯(lián)合放療和熱療治療門脈癌栓,總體ORR和放療野內(nèi)ORR分別為43.5%和69.6%。薈萃分析表明[36],TACE聯(lián)合放療顯著提高HCC合并PVTT患者的ORR和OS,但發(fā)生3度及以上白細胞減少和血小板減少亦高于單獨行TACE治療。因此,HCC合并癌栓可采用姑息性放療聯(lián)合其他治療,但需注意骨髓抑制的發(fā)生和處理。
Shim等[37]報道局部晚期HCC栓塞不完全行放療可鞏固療效,73例HCC患者行TACE后發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶不完全栓塞,其中35例反復行TACE治療,37例采用局部放療,TACE聯(lián)合放療組患者的2年OS明顯高于反復單獨行TACE組(36.8%vs.14.3%)。Oh等[38]報道了不可行手術切除的HCC患者不完全TACE后三維適形放療的療效,結果1、2年的OS分別為72.0%、46.5%。Paik等[39]報道,不完全TACE患者采用SBRT治療的2、5年OS分別為73%和53%,療效與完全TACE或根治性治療相似。綜上所述,肝癌TACE治療后,可行放療鞏固療效。
2013年有學者提出采用放療聯(lián)合索拉菲尼治療HCC[40-41]。細胞實驗表明[40]索拉菲尼以時間依賴方式提高人HCC細胞株的放射敏感性。索拉菲尼具有誘導DNA損傷和抑制DNA修復功能,降低放射激活的NF-κB,進而促進放射誘導的凋亡。Cha等[41]報道了18例晚期HCC患者行放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼治療,13例患者為原發(fā)腫瘤放療,5例為可測量轉(zhuǎn)移病灶放療,3度及以上不良反應為手足綜合征(17%)、血小板減少(17%)、十二指腸出血(6%)和AST升高(6%),患者mOS為7.8個月(95%CI:3.0,12.6),1年OS為37%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相對較高,生存并未顯著延長,但該研究樣本量少、缺乏對比且患者分期較晚。放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼治療局部晚期HCC具備潛在可行性。
與肝內(nèi)病灶比較,HCC肝外轉(zhuǎn)移病灶對患者的預后影響更大。HCC最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位為肺,其次為骨、淋巴結和腎上腺。Uchino等[42]報道的342例HCC患者有23例(7.6%)直接死于肝外轉(zhuǎn)移;其中,17例由于肺轉(zhuǎn)移而死于呼吸衰竭;5例因腦轉(zhuǎn)移而死于腦出血;1例由于骨轉(zhuǎn)移骨折而死于出血。骨轉(zhuǎn)移直接導致患者死亡少見,但骨轉(zhuǎn)移會導致病理性骨折,進而引起患者一般狀況變差。因此,對肝外轉(zhuǎn)移灶的治療就顯得十分重要。Habermehl等[43]報道了原發(fā)性肝癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移姑息性放療有效率為77%。Jiang等[44]對伴有胸悶、血痰和咳嗽癥狀的HCC肺轉(zhuǎn)移患者進行姑息性放療,有效率達92.3%。姑息性放療減輕疼痛,降低病理性骨折的風險和減輕呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀。淋巴結為HCC肝外轉(zhuǎn)移相對常見的部位之一,提示預后差。Wee等[45]報道HCC淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移有癥狀與無癥狀的mOS分別為3.8個月和10.7個月,淋巴結轉(zhuǎn)移放療的有效率為56.7%,放療有效的患者生存期延長。Yuan等[46]報道了HCC腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移放療的療效,結果顯示1、2、5年OS分別為59.9%、35.0%和12.9%,mOS為15個月,螺旋斷層放療與二維和三維放療毒性反應相似,但OS高于二維和三維放療。可見,肝外轉(zhuǎn)移姑息性放療可降低并發(fā)癥風險和改善患者預后。
粒子束治療指利用加速的重離子或回旋或同步加速器產(chǎn)生的高能質(zhì)子在其停止前到達病變部位并釋放巨大能量(Bragg峰),達到殺滅腫瘤細胞目的的治療方式[10]。Kato等[47]報道Ⅰ、Ⅱ期HCC合并肝硬化患者采用碳離子治療的療效,24位患者接受49.5~79.5 GyE/15 f,每周5次,所有患者均未出現(xiàn)嚴重的不良反應,總有效率為71%,1、3、5年的局部控制率和OS分別為92%和92%,81%和50%,81%和25%。Kimura等[48]采用質(zhì)子束治療大HCC,22例患者接受60.8~85.8 GyE/22 f質(zhì)子束照射,2年的局部控制率和OS分別為87%和52.4%。
碳離子束細胞毒性比質(zhì)子束強,但質(zhì)子束治療可任意方向照射,適用于不適合其他治療方式的情況。當能夠精確調(diào)節(jié)與胃腸道和肝門部鄰近的病灶的放射劑量和照射范圍時,質(zhì)子束治療的療效優(yōu)于重離子治療[10]。粒子束治療是克服常規(guī)放療缺點的有效治療方式,醫(yī)用粒子束需要由大型醫(yī)療設備產(chǎn)生,而設備的數(shù)量制約著其臨床應用。未來隨著醫(yī)療設備的發(fā)展和普及,粒子束治療應用將會增加,臨床應用前景會更加廣闊。
肝移植是HCC另一根治性治療方式。但由于肝源數(shù)量遠少于等待肝移植患者數(shù),僅有少數(shù)肝癌患者能接受肝移植治療。美國肝病研究學會指南[27]推薦等待肝移植時間超過6個月的患者行移植前局部的過渡治療,避免因腫瘤進展而失去肝移植機會。HCC患者肝移植前局部治療的主要目的為:1)預防腫瘤進展;2)增加肝移植率;3)降低術后復發(fā)率[49]。TACE和消融技術如RFA、微波消融和經(jīng)皮無水乙醇注射為肝移植前最常用的“橋梁”治療,但上述治療方式有創(chuàng),對相對較大的病變控制欠佳,且影響肝功能。O'Connor等[49]報道10例HCC患者等待肝移植時行SBRT治療,5年OS和PFS均為100%。Sapisochin等[50]報道了SBRT、TACE和RAF作為肝癌肝移植前的過渡治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)SBRT組、TACE組和RAF組肝移植后1、3、5年的并發(fā)癥和生存率差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。SBRT可替代傳統(tǒng)的肝癌肝移植前的“橋梁”治療。
由于高度適形技術的進步,大分割放療或常規(guī)分割外照射放療聯(lián)合其他治療適用于治療肝功能評價為低風險的各期別的HCC。本研究組正在進行基于釓塞酸二鈉增強MR顯像肝功能預留模式下原發(fā)性HCC自主呼吸控制的精確放療的臨床研究,對于肝功能受損者以及合并肝外其他疾患的患者,需要謹慎應用。隨著更多隨機臨床試驗的結果公布,放療與全身治療方法的緊密配合,將有可能使得更多的肝癌患者獲益。
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