吳宛玲 李爽
環(huán)狀RNA是一種內(nèi)源性的RNA分子,通過反式剪接的形式由其3'端和5'端以共價鍵形成閉合環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),不具有“PolyA尾”。環(huán)狀RNA序列高度保守,在生物體內(nèi)穩(wěn)定表達,含量豐富,其表達具有組織特異性和發(fā)育階段特異性。有研究證明,環(huán)狀RNA有microRNA“海綿”、RNA結(jié)合蛋白及核轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)等功能,對生命活動起到重要的調(diào)控作用[1]。在目前的研究中,環(huán)狀RNA主要以miRNA“海綿”的形式調(diào)控腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。隨著研究的不斷深入,還發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)狀RNA可能在腫瘤的診斷、預(yù)后和靶向治療中同樣發(fā)揮一定的作用。現(xiàn)已報道的環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤中的功能及臨床應(yīng)用見表1。本文就環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤中的作用機制及對腫瘤診斷、預(yù)后和治療的應(yīng)用進行綜述。
大部分的環(huán)狀RNA都具有miRNA結(jié)合位點,可以作為miRNA“海綿”分子,通過大量結(jié)合miRNA來抑制miRNA對下游靶基因的調(diào)控作用。在腫瘤疾病中,環(huán)狀RNA主要通過作為miRNA“海綿”發(fā)揮其間接調(diào)控作用。CDR1as/miR-7是較為經(jīng)典的腫瘤相關(guān)的環(huán)狀RNA-miRNA體系。CDR1as含有70余個miR-7的結(jié)合位點,可發(fā)揮其“海綿”作用與miR-7大量地結(jié)合抑制miR-7的基因調(diào)控作用而間接達到抑瘤作用,既往已有多項研究表明,過表達miR-7可以顯著抑制膠質(zhì)瘤、乳腺癌、胃癌、結(jié)直腸癌等多種腫瘤細胞的增殖活性和侵襲性[1-3]。
具有促瘤作用的環(huán)狀RNA還有多種,這些環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤中的表達是上調(diào)的。circHIPK3是Zheng等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個新的腫瘤相關(guān)的環(huán)狀RNA,circHIPK3主要存在于細胞質(zhì)中。circHIPK3通過與miR-124結(jié)合發(fā)揮促細胞增殖的功能。Xie等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),hsa_circ_001569通過與miR-145結(jié)合上調(diào)受miR-145負向調(diào)控的E2F5、BAG4和FMNL2的表達來促進結(jié)直腸癌細胞的增殖和侵襲。Zhong等[6]也在膀胱癌組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個明顯上調(diào)的環(huán)狀RNA:circTCF25,并證實了circTCF25-miR-103a-3p/miR-107-CDK6通路在膀胱癌中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用,過表達circTCF25能增加癌細胞增殖遷移能力。

表1 腫瘤相關(guān)的環(huán)狀RNA功能及臨床應(yīng)用

表1 腫瘤相關(guān)的環(huán)狀RNA功能及臨床應(yīng)用(續(xù)表1)
也有部分環(huán)狀RNA發(fā)揮著完全相反的作用,這一部分環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤中的表達下調(diào)。cir-ITCH也是一個具有miRNA“海綿”功能的環(huán)狀RNA。在食管癌的研究中顯示,circ-ITCH包含了miR-214、miR-7和miR-17的結(jié)合位點,過表達circ-ITCH可以使miRNA的靶基因ITCH表達上調(diào),ITCH使得磷酸化的Dlv2發(fā)生泛素化而降解,從而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,癌細胞活性降低,增殖受抑[7]。而在結(jié)直腸癌中,cir-ITCH不再作為miR-214“海綿”,而是與miR-7和miR-20a結(jié)合來抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路來發(fā)揮其腫瘤抑制效應(yīng)[8]。
盡管大部分的報道均證實了環(huán)狀RNA作為miR?NA“海綿”的作用,但仍有部分研究表明,環(huán)狀RNAs不能起到miRNA“海綿”的作用。如目前研究較多的circ-Foxo3,一方面主要通過與蛋白CDK2和P21結(jié)合調(diào)控細胞周期進程[9];另一方面則與MDM2結(jié)合,促進其介導(dǎo)的p53的泛素化和降解,抑制FOXO3的泛素化和降解,從而抑制細胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡[10]。但環(huán)狀RNA這種非miRNA“海綿”的作用機制在具體的腫瘤疾病中少有報道,這還有待于進一步的研究。
環(huán)狀RNA近幾年來已被證實可在外周血中檢測到[11],尤其是在血清外泌體中,環(huán)狀RNA大量且穩(wěn)定地存在,且這個過程是受調(diào)控的,腫瘤外泌體中特定環(huán)狀RNA的表達明顯高于正常組織的外泌體[12],其富集程度與腫瘤的大小呈正相關(guān)。值得注意的是,環(huán)狀RNA 在腫瘤中也存在差異表達[1,8,13],但相反的是,環(huán)狀RNA在癌組織中的表達水平明顯低于正常組織,原因可能與癌細胞具有更強的增殖能力有關(guān)。Bachmayrheyda等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)狀RNA在腦和心臟等細胞增殖弱的組織細胞中表達水平高,而在乳腺、結(jié)腸和卵巢細胞增殖強的組織細胞中表達偏低。
環(huán)狀RNA的差異性表達是其能夠用于生物標記物的基礎(chǔ),尤其是在血清中的高表達和較為明顯的表達差異,更是讓環(huán)狀RNA的檢測變得更為簡便。近些年有多項環(huán)狀RNA擬作腫瘤早期診斷生物標記物可能性的研究迅速開展,均得到了肯定的答案。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌組織中的hsa-circ-0000190與原有的兩種經(jīng)典的胃癌生物標記物CEA和CA-199相比,具有更好地靈敏度和特異度[14];肝癌組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)的hsa_circ_005075[15],結(jié) 直 腸 癌 組 織 中 的 hsa_circ_001988[16],作為腫瘤診斷的生物標記物均具有較高的診斷真實度。
近年來,關(guān)于環(huán)狀RNA用于腫瘤預(yù)后評估的研究也逐漸增加。大多數(shù)在腫瘤疾病中呈現(xiàn)表達差異的環(huán)狀RNA均不同程度的與部分預(yù)后相關(guān)指標,如腫瘤大小、分期、遠處及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等具有相關(guān)性,提示其預(yù)后意義。如在喉鱗狀上皮癌中,hsa_cir?cRNA_100855在喉癌組織中較正常組織高表達,尤其是在T3~T4期腫瘤、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤、聲門上型腫瘤和臨床晚期腫瘤中表達水平更高,而hsa_cir?cRNA_104912在喉癌組織中低表達,在T3~T4期腫瘤、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤、低分化腫瘤及臨床晚期的腫瘤中表達水平更低[17]。
部分研究為了明確環(huán)狀RNA的預(yù)后意義開展了進一步的生存分析,結(jié)果同樣肯定了環(huán)狀RNA的預(yù)后價值。如在一項關(guān)于非小細胞肺癌的研究中,首先發(fā)現(xiàn)了circRNA_100876和腫瘤分期及淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),進一步的生存分析顯示,circRNA_100876高表達的患者的總生存時間明顯低于circRNA_100876低表達的患者[18];在肝細胞癌的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣的結(jié)果,hsa_circRNA_100338能提高腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,hsa_circRNA_100338高表達的肝癌患者累積生存率明顯降低[19];在胃癌的研究中也肯定了環(huán)狀RNA的預(yù)后價值,circPVT1高表達的胃癌患者生存率較高,并且circPVT1結(jié)合其末基因PVT1的表達量是更好的胃癌預(yù)后指標,circPVT1高表達而PVT1低表達的患者生存期明顯延長[20]。
綜上所述,多項證據(jù)均提示環(huán)狀RNA的表達水平可用來鑒定腫瘤分期和評估預(yù)后。
miRNA的“海綿”技術(shù)是一種新型的RNA治療方法,能實現(xiàn)對miRNA的長效抑制[21]。已有多項針對癌基因的線性“海綿”被發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)將其轉(zhuǎn)入人腫瘤細胞時能夠有效地逆轉(zhuǎn)癌細胞表型[12]。近些年來,環(huán)狀RNA的miRNA“海綿”功能使得其在這一技術(shù)上的應(yīng)用備受期待。
Ivanov等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了內(nèi)含子上ALU重復(fù)序列介導(dǎo)外顯子環(huán)化外,人環(huán)狀RNA的側(cè)翼內(nèi)含子區(qū)富集著反向互補配對序列(reverse complementary matches,RCMs)。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)上述內(nèi)含子RCMs對環(huán)狀RNA生成非常關(guān)鍵,雙鏈RNA編輯酶ADAR1參與該過程,敲低ADAR1后可顯著特異性地上調(diào)環(huán)狀RNAs的表達,并認為內(nèi)含子間的RCMs通過競爭性結(jié)合方式介導(dǎo)外顯子環(huán)化。如果通過某種方式使得ADAR在生理狀態(tài)下瞬時降低后,則可能明顯上調(diào)環(huán)狀RNAs的功能。既往有研究顯示,如果胚胎干細胞中ADAR基因表達降低,干細胞可以分化成神經(jīng)元細胞[23]。環(huán)狀RNA是否參與干細胞分化過程值得進一步深入研究。
隨著RNA測序、芯片等技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來越多的研究表明環(huán)狀RNA和許多疾病,尤其是腫瘤,存在著較為重要的聯(lián)系。環(huán)狀RNA被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有miRNA“海綿”、蛋白調(diào)控、剪切及轉(zhuǎn)錄功能,以及近期越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白翻譯功能,環(huán)狀RNA的功能研究不斷出現(xiàn)新的突破,在腫瘤疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著較為重要的調(diào)控作用。對腫瘤中環(huán)狀RNA功能的研究,不僅可以促進對疾病進展的理解還幫助臨床對疾病更為掌握,是將其應(yīng)用于臨床的前提。就臨床應(yīng)用而言,環(huán)狀RNA已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)出了其研究價值。環(huán)狀RNA可以作為腫瘤早期診斷的生物標記物,也可作為評估療效和預(yù)后的敏感指標。目前,臨床應(yīng)用的部分生物標記物,如CEA,在多種消化道腫瘤,如胰腺癌、結(jié)腸癌中均有升高,因此在應(yīng)用于診斷時難免缺乏特異性。而環(huán)狀RNA具有組織特異性,能夠更好地協(xié)助診斷。通過對環(huán)狀RNA調(diào)控機制的研究,明確環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤疾病中具體的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),則能以環(huán)狀RNA為抗癌靶點作為腫瘤治療的新方向,腫瘤化療藥物耐藥相關(guān)的環(huán)狀RNA也將成為新的研究熱點。
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