曹衛東,包興國,徐昌旭,聶 軍,高亞軍,耿明建
(1 中國農業科學院農業資源與農業區劃研究所/農業部植物營養與肥料重點實驗室,北京 100081;2 甘肅省農業科學院土壤肥料與節水農業研究所,蘭州 730070;3 江西省農業科學院土壤肥料與資源環境研究所,江西南昌 330200;4 湖南省土壤肥料研究所,湖南長沙 410125;5 西北農林科技大學資源與環境學院,陜西楊凌 712100;6 華中農業大學資源與環境學院,湖北武漢 430070)
中國綠肥科研60年回顧與未來展望
曹衛東1,包興國2,徐昌旭3,聶 軍4,高亞軍5,耿明建6
(1 中國農業科學院農業資源與農業區劃研究所/農業部植物營養與肥料重點實驗室,北京 100081;2 甘肅省農業科學院土壤肥料與節水農業研究所,蘭州 730070;3 江西省農業科學院土壤肥料與資源環境研究所,江西南昌 330200;4 湖南省土壤肥料研究所,湖南長沙 410125;5 西北農林科技大學資源與環境學院,陜西楊凌 712100;6 華中農業大學資源與環境學院,湖北武漢 430070)
本文梳理了建國后我國綠肥生產與科研的發展歷程,回顧了各時期的主要工作和成就,提出了綠肥行業未來發展建議。上世紀50年代中后期至今的60年里,我國綠肥生產和研究經歷了繁榮、蕭條、恢復三大時期。二十世紀50~80年代初的近30年是生產繁榮、科研經驗累積時期。科學家對大量歷史經驗和科學成果進行了總結提升,提出了“以磷增氮”、“磷肥治標,綠肥治本”、“起爆效應”等經驗、技術和理論;組建了全國綠肥試驗網。綠肥生產于二十世紀70年代達到最高峰,面積最高年份約1300萬公頃。二十世紀80年代至本世紀初的20多年里綠肥生產蕭條,綠肥面積下降至約200萬公頃。綠肥科研方面,全國綠肥試驗網組織了全國性協作研究,推動了綠肥學科的系統進步;90年代,著眼提升綜合經濟效益開展工作,積極尋找綠肥發展途徑,為我國的綠肥事業積累了許多經驗和資源;研究制訂了中國綠肥區劃,整理鑒定了一批綠肥資源,選育出一批豐產性能好的綠肥新品種,評選出具有綜合效益的綠肥種植利用模式,明確了綠肥提高土壤有機質的效果及其作用條件,出版了一批具有重要價值的綠肥文獻。2007年以來,綠肥生產回升,科研快速恢復。國家和部分省份實施了綠肥補貼試點,綠肥科研專項“十一五”、“十二五”期間連續實施,國家綠肥產業技術體系獲準建設。通過綠肥科研專項的實施,綠肥種質資源條件進一步完善,綠肥輕簡化生產水平大大提升,一批生產新方式、新技術被研發運用,基于綠肥的高產穩產及清潔生產技術體系廣泛推廣。證明了綠肥在有效促進作物養分供給、保障作物穩產高產、全面改善土壤物理、化學、生物性狀以及減少溫室氣體排放等方面的作用。60年的實踐證明,綠肥是農作物生產的重要物質基礎,是綠色農業的有效技術支撐?!熬G水青山就是金山銀山”的發展理念將主導今后農業生產。未來,綠肥科研要圍繞種質資源利用與創新、輕簡化高效生產、綠色生產模式構建、綠肥供肥與培肥技術及機制、綠肥產業增值增效路徑、宏觀戰略及產業經濟等綠肥產業的全鏈條,研發關鍵技術,解決生產難題,夯實理論基礎,努力形成適應新形勢的綠肥生產技術與理論體系。
綠肥;科研;回顧;成就;展望
中國農業生產方式正在發生深刻變革,綠色發展將是未來農業生產的主基調。我國耕地質量較差、面源污染較重、產品質量較低等問題突出,這些問題與綠色發展背道而馳,必須加以變革,以形成同環境資源承載能力相匹配、生產生活生態相協調的農業發展格局,實現農業可持續發展。
綠肥是培養地力的重要物質基礎[1],發展綠肥是多、快、好、省地解決養地用地和有機肥源的良好途徑[2]。在生態環境十分良好的二十世紀八十年代,我國科學家就提出“我國在建設現代化農業的過程中,必須從建立一個良好的農業生態系統作為考慮問題的起點,發展綠肥是建立良好農業生態系統的一項重要環節?!盵2]。綠肥不僅是清潔的有機肥源,而且能有效提高土壤肥力、改善土壤環境質量、防止水土流失、改善生態環境??梢哉f,綠肥是我國傳統農業的精華,是生態農業的重要組成部分[3]。
雖然綠肥的作用被普遍認同,但我國的綠肥發展卻經歷了不同的歷史起伏階段,綠肥科研也相應地經歷了大幅波動。新形勢下,綠肥迎來發展機遇,本文梳理了建國后我國綠肥生產與科研的發展歷程,提出了綠肥行業未來發展方向,以期為今后的綠肥科研生產提供借鑒和參考。
新中國的綠肥科研起步于上世紀50年代中后期,在約60年歷程中我國綠肥生產和研究經歷了繁榮、蕭條、恢復三個歷史時期。二十世紀50~80年代初是綠肥生產面積較大、利用較為普遍的時期;20世紀90年代到本世紀初,化肥成為主導肥源,綠肥應用迅速滑至谷底;2007年后,綠肥重新進入國家和全社會視野,其生產科研逐漸恢復。
這一時期大約經歷了近30年,綠肥作為當家肥源,為保障我國糧食安全起到了重要作用。在這段時期里,綠肥科研工作的階段性特征也十分明顯,五十年代是綠肥科研和生產發展的起步階段,主要是解決綠肥納入種植制;六十年代是綠肥迅速發展的階段,主要是突破栽培技術難關;七十年代是綠肥發展的高峰階段,綠肥種植面積發展很快,是我國綠肥種植的鼎盛時期[4]。
陳華癸于1955年系統總結了水稻田的綠肥耕作制,并對綠肥科研提出了建設性意見[6],顧榮申提出了各地較為適宜的綠肥種類[7]。為了應對全國綠肥生產需要,農業部于1963年組建了全國綠肥試驗網[11](以下稱綠肥網)。在綠肥網的組織下,各地加快綠肥模式與經驗總結,并組織了全國肥料科學實驗工作會議,指出華東[12]、華北[13]、東北和西北[14]、中南和西南[15]均具備大力發展綠肥的條件。綠肥在水田[8]、棉田[9]、鹽堿地[10]等各類農田中得到廣泛應用?!傲追手螛?,綠肥治本”[16]的改良中低產稻田的策略提出后,綠肥的運用迅速擴展,并在上世紀70年代達到頂峰。在國家糧食安全對肥源需求大、化學肥料工業尚不發達的背景下,全國綠肥生產取得了史上最大的發展,綠肥面積最高時達到約1300萬公頃[4–5],全國涌現了一批綠肥面積超66.7萬公頃的省份[5]。
總體來說,早期的綠肥科研工作主要集中在經驗和效果總結上,總結提出了以磷增氮[17]、以田養田、以山養田、以水養田等各類綠肥管理實踐。從科研的角度看,60年代到70年代中期,屬于科研工作的初始階段,主要工作是配合農業領導部門總結推廣各省發展綠肥的經驗,推動綠肥的發展[11]。此時期,較深入的科學研究也有少量報道,如綠肥壓青后土壤中還原性物質的動態變化[18]、綠肥防治水稻坐秋的研究[19]等,其中,朱祖祥總結論述的綠肥起爆效應機制[20–21]對現代綠肥科研工作的進步起到了重要推動作用。
二十世紀80年代至本世紀初的20多年里,我國化肥工業迅速崛起,農作物養分供應幾乎完全依賴化肥;農業承包責任制全面實施,綠肥生產的空間多被糧棉油及其他經濟作物取代;加之綠肥沒有明顯的直接經濟效益,導致綠肥生產幾乎完全被忽略,全國綠肥生產跌入低谷,綠肥面積下降至200 萬公頃[3, 22]。
與綠肥生產不同,此時期的綠肥科研則相對系統,并且取得了較好的成效。綠肥網于1977年恢復活動,1981年獲得專項經費支持,綠肥科研進入了有組織的階段,全國綠肥科研隊伍和任務設置得到了基本穩定和保障,綠肥科研進入了第一個黃金十年。綠肥網分成六個協作區,開展活動和交流經驗,先后組織了中國綠肥區劃、中國綠肥品種資源收集整理和編目、不同農區綠肥種植利用方式和效益、經濟林園覆蓋綠肥種植和利用、綠肥對土壤有機質積累的影響及其有效條件等協作項目,取得了良好的進展,鑒定了我國不同農區綠肥種植利用和效益、果園覆蓋綠肥的種植和利用等高水平科技成果[11]。這十年是綠肥發展的深化階段,在不利的綠肥生產形勢下,綠肥網努力開辟綠肥種植和利用的新途徑,對促進綠肥科研和生產起到了積極的推動作用。
進入二十世紀90年代后,全國綠肥形勢依然相當嚴峻,綠肥網積極適應社會經濟需求,主要目標為提高綠肥綜合經濟效益,開展了綠肥納入農作制度提高經濟效益研究和技術開發、綠肥在高效施肥體系中的地位及配套技術、農區綠肥飼草種植利用最佳模式及經濟效益、多用途經濟型綠肥品種資源篩選和開發等協作研究。通過近10年的協作研究,進一步明確了各地綠肥的適宜發展方式和提升效益途徑[23],開發了飼用[24]等多種新途徑,獲得了一大批具有兼用或多用功能的綠肥資源,如富鉀綠肥的提出和深化[25–26]、耐鹽性能的挖掘[27]、多用途綠肥葫蘆巴[28]、耐蔭及飼用藥用資源扁莖黃芪[29],并積極提出發展經濟綠肥的對策[30]。這些工作雖然沒有得到進一步的深入應用,但為后來的綠肥科研提供了重要借鑒和參考,是全國綠肥行業的重要遺產。
長期大量化學品投入,導致了資源環境壓力加大、面源污染嚴重等問題。楊紀珂于1996年指出,如果不慎,由祖輩勞動人民辛勤保存的土壤質量,很容易在我們這幾代人的手里悄悄地喪失掉,并發出了“營佳壤務農之本,種綠肥生態之根。歲歲年年存地力,年年歲歲慶豐登。”的呼吁[31]。
進入二十一世紀后,我國農業農村的一些問題更加凸顯,生產與生態不協調、經濟與環境效益不統一、經濟發展與農產品質量不匹配等矛盾普遍存在,國家以及全社會對環境健康、農產品健康空前關注。不僅如此,國家財力也得到明顯改善,綠肥獲得了恢復性發展機遇。2006年開始,國家啟動了土壤有機質提升補貼試點,綠肥是補貼方向之一,同時帶動江西、浙江、江蘇、福建、湖南、貴州等省也出臺了綠肥種植補貼政策,全國補貼綠肥種植面積超過66.7 萬公頃[22],推動了綠肥生產的迅速回升。
隨后,綠肥科研在2008年獲得重大資助,“綠肥作物生產與利用技術集成研究及示范”項目 (以下稱綠肥專項) 開始實施。由于生產科研長期停滯,綠肥行業存在綠肥作物種質資源退化甚至消失、適應現代農業生產的合理利用模式缺乏、生產利用技術集成不夠、綠肥作物與主作物間的水肥調控技術不明等一系列問題,綠肥專項重點從種質資源的整理與創新、生產利用技術及方式的創新研究、不同生態區及不同種植制度中的生產利用技術集成等方面開展了全國聯合協作研究,同時積極探索綠肥產業化和強化綠肥產學研隊伍建設。“十二五”期間,該項目繼續滾動實施了五年。兩期綠肥專項的實施,在資源整理、技術進步、機制解析、試驗示范、人才培養等方面取得了明顯成效,夯實了綠肥科研基礎。
不僅如此,國家也在不斷探索科研改革,以農作物為主線的產業技術體系取得顯著成效并得到社會認可。經過10年醞釀,綠肥于2016年成為產業技術體系建設內容,2017年綠肥產業技術體系隊伍組建完成。綠肥體系涵蓋了種質資源、病蟲害防控、綠肥栽培與土壤及養分管理、綠肥機械、綜合加工利用和產業經濟全鏈條。體系的設立將穩定支撐一支高水平的研發隊伍,為今后的綠肥發展搭建了一個高層次的平臺。
縱觀綠肥科研的60年歷史,其活躍期主要體現在兩個階段或者說兩個十年,一個是綠肥網獲得經費支持后的前十年;另一個是從綠肥專項開始實施后的十年。
綠肥網主要貢獻:總結歷史經驗,摸清綠肥家底,確立區域模式,奠定未來基礎。陳禮智等對此階段的成果進行了全面梳理總結,主要包括:
1) 研究制訂了中國綠肥區劃把我國綠肥種植劃分為9個區47個亞區,提出了綠肥在各區適宜種植方式、發展面積等,為各地調整作物布局、制定綠肥生產計劃和綠肥種子生產、調撥等提供了依據[5, 11]。
2) 整理鑒定了一批綠肥資源,選育出一批豐產性能好的綠肥新品種收集常用綠肥作物916份,整理鑒定歸并為4科20屬26種共617份,篩選出70多個綜合性狀好、適宜在不同地區應用的綠肥作物[11, 32]。各地選育了適宜本地生產的綠肥主栽品種[11],代表性的有紫云英 (湘肥3號、浙紫5號、閩紫l-6號)[33],苕子 (內蒙毛苕1號、云南光葉苕)、箭筈豌豆 (6625、蘇箭3號、大莢箭筈豌豆、333A[34]等)。此外,開展了細綠萍的引進和推廣以及紅萍有性繁殖技術研發等工作,使得細綠萍成為當時主要生產用綠肥種類,并推廣到云南[35]等地;培育出紅萍實生苗并在生產上推廣應用[36],標志著我國紅萍研究進入世界前列。這些資源和品種,是后來綠肥恢復發展的物質基礎。
3) 篩選出一批具有綜合效益的綠肥種植利用模式主要有復種指數高的集約農區發展經濟綠肥,小麥–玉米二熟制地區采用行間套種綠肥或豆類,西南冬閑旱地發展節糧型綠肥飼草生產,北方一熟制玉米間套種草木樨、促進糧草雙高產和畜牧業發展,北方一熟制麥田復種豆科肥飼綠肥,半干旱瘠薄地實行糧肥 (草) 短期輪作[11, 37],以及通過在桑園[38]、桔園[39]、落葉果園[40]等經濟林園的協作研究提出的經濟林園覆蓋綠肥模式[41]。此外,研究了提高綠肥效益的途徑和技術,評價了綠肥作飼草、根茬肥田的效果并取得了綠肥飼料喂畜的有效參數[23],同時還研發了紫云英青貯等綠肥飼草長期利用技術[42]、紫云英一次播種多年繁殖技術[43],構建了“壟、畦栽稻萍魚”系統[44–45]。
4) 明確了綠肥提高土壤有機質的效果及其作用
條件在華東[46]、華北[47]、西北[48]、東北[49]等地的17個省 (自治區)22類土壤上通過定位試驗研究表明,每年平均壓入綠肥22.5~30 t/hm2,五年后土壤有機質平均比不壓綠肥的提高0.1%~0.2%,綠肥有機物積累率為10%~15%,且可改善有機質的品質[50]。混播、適當推遲翻壓 (以提高C/N值及鮮草產量) 和連年增加新鮮有機物等都是提高綠肥積累土壤有機質的有效措施[50],同時弄清了土類、物料、土壤肥力、水分和溫度、翻壓量及翻壓方式與綠肥有機質累積的關系[51]。
5) 編輯出版了一批具有重要歷史意義的綠肥專著相繼出版了《綠肥栽培與利用》[52]、《中國綠肥》[53]、《中國滿江紅》[54]、《中國紫云英》[55]等著作。其中《中國綠肥》一書,系統總結了中國長期利用綠肥的經驗和科學研究成果,既有豐富的實踐應用技術知識,又涵蓋了大量的科學基礎知識,是一部在我國土壤肥料發展史上文獻價值極高的綠肥著作。
綠肥專項主要成就體現在:繼承發揚并舉,突破輕簡制約,創新方式方法,豐富科學內涵。綠肥專項以人才隊伍建設和與新時期相適應的創新研究為抓手,取得了一批重要進展。
1) 進一步豐富了綠肥種質資源建立了綠肥種質資源描述規范和數據標準[56],挖掘搶救了一批綠肥品種資源,多渠道搜集、引進國內外資源,在庫資源已達3000多份。在不同區域開展了主要資源的資源性狀評價工作,初步建立了綠肥作物種質資源性狀數據庫、主要性狀的圖像信息數據庫。加強新品種培育與應用,認定了紫云英、毛葉苕子、山黧豆、肥田蘿卜等25個綠肥新品種。
2) 突破了一批綠肥輕簡化生產共性關鍵技術 著重研發了一批綠肥專用播種、翻壓、種子收獲、開溝管理等輕簡化裝置裝備以及綠肥專用肥及根瘤菌劑、基于綠肥的主作物配套生產條件等關鍵技術及產品,在大多數綠肥生產地區可實現綠肥機械化播種及開溝、翻壓、收種的綠肥全程機械化生產;在南方稻田,通過水稻機械化收割留高茬大幅延長綠肥播種期、保障綠肥安全越冬,進一步保證了綠肥種植利用的高效、輕簡,為以高留茬和綠肥碳氮互濟為核心的稻田培肥技術應用,解決南方稻田冬閑田多、秸稈環境問題奠定了技術基礎。
3) 研發提出了一批綠肥生產新方式、新技術 在南方稻區,晚稻留高茬后紫云英遲播土壤生物碳氮調控技術[57],解決了傳統紫云英播種勞動強度大、效率低的問題,同時,早期能夠保障和促進紫云英出苗、保苗和生長,后期紫云英覆蓋稻草能加速稻草腐解。在京津地區,形成了冬綠肥—玉米/棉花等種植模式[58–63],研發了春玉米全程套播二月蘭等核心技術,實現了二月蘭播種的輕簡化和高效率,可以為華北地區冬春季節大面積綠色覆蓋提供技術途徑,填補了壓減冬小麥產生的巨大空間。在西北實施的玉米/油葵前期間作豆科綠肥作物技術[64–65],可充分利用玉米或油葵前期的生長特點及栽培要求,在玉米或油葵前期間作豆科綠肥作物,既可保證玉米或油葵產量,又可增收一茬豆類,綜合效益十分顯著。
4) 組裝集成了基于綠肥的節肥高產穩產技術體系在初步形成各地綠肥生產利用技術規程[66]的基礎上,發布了30多項綠肥生產利用技術規程,構建了以保障作物高產穩產能力的綠肥生產利用體系和基于綠肥的主作物清潔生產養分管理等為核心的技術體系,分別在稻區、華北、西北、西南得到持續優化應用并取得重大社會經濟效益。通過5~8年的定位試驗,完善了各地種植利用綠肥后的化肥替代技術,進一步明確了在不同種植制度下納入綠肥作物生產后主栽作物的穩產高產條件。多年多點聯合定位監測表明,綠肥配合化肥能實現作物高產 (表1)、節肥 (表2) 及穩產[67]等。種植綠肥并翻壓時,稻區較冬閑田減施化肥20%~40%[68–69],西北、西南、華北較秋閑田或者冬閑田減施化肥 15%~30%[64–65, 70],主作物產量不低于當地常規施肥并穩中有升。
5) 深入剖析了綠肥在現代農業生產中的貢獻及作用機制長期種植利用綠肥與化肥配合能大幅提升作物產量 (圖1)[71],綠肥能為主作物創造良好的土壤養分[71–73]、生物[69, 74–78]、物理[79–81]環境,同時綠肥納入種植制度有利于土壤氮庫[59, 82–83]及碳庫[62, 79–80, 82, 84–86]的培育,表明種植翻壓綠肥是作物高產穩產的重要物質基礎和技術保障。明確了綠肥能減少溫室氣體排放[87–88]以及氨排放[89]。揭示了綠肥高產高效作用的部分關鍵機制,其中,綠肥可有效促進作物養分吸收利用[60, 90–96],明確了綠肥養分對作物養分的供應能力[97]及黃土高原夏閑綠肥[83]、華北冬綠肥在養分平衡中的貢獻[63],初步闡明了稻田紫云英影響土壤氮素轉化的分子機制,綠肥可能有助于銨供給能力的微生物生長[98],解析了農田綠肥輸入對土壤可溶性有機質 (DOM) 含量和結構[99–101]以及鐵還原[102]的影響。

表 1 多年種植利用綠肥配施化肥的產量效果Table 1 Multi-years’ effects of combinations of green manures and chemical fertilizers on crop yields

表 2 湖南和江西省基于綠肥的水稻減施化肥多年產量效應Table 2 Cumulative effects of reduced chemical nutrient inputs on rice yield based on green manure cooperation in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces
6) 探索了綠肥產業化路徑促進了綠肥種業發展,推動了紫云英菜用及作為養蜂蜜源、二月蘭菜薹等綜合利用,探索了西北、西南等區域綠肥飼草加工新途徑,開展了南方稻區利用綠肥發展綠色有機稻米的技術研發和應用。綠肥是清潔肥料,可作為有機水稻的良好肥源,并且可以達到耕地用養結合目的。定位研究表明,在紫云英–單季稻制度下,翻壓紫云英75 t/hm2,稻谷產量與單施化肥的產量水平相近或略高;單季有機稻米翻壓紫云英的閾值及適宜用量分別為 90 t/hm2、60 t/hm2,基于紫云英唯一肥源的有機稻米生產適宜的年限為4年[95]。
我國區域性、結構性、季節性閑置耕地多,這些耕地適合發展綠肥生產。據估算,全國綠肥發展空間約4600萬公頃[3, 22],包括南方冬閑稻田、西南冬閑旱地、西北冬閑及夏秋閑地等,同時,近些年來華北地區冬小麥退出增多、果園面積迅速擴大,也為發展綠肥提供了空間。當前的綠肥發展潛力面積遠大于二十世紀的約1900萬公頃[103],可以有更大的作為。
“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的發展理念將主導今后農業生產。今后較長的時期內,種植業結構調整、農業面源污染削減、農田生態改善、耕地用養結合、農產品提質增效等是我國農業的主要戰略性任務,綠肥在這些任務里具有獨特、有效的作用。綠肥科研要順勢而為、乘勢而上,緊緊圍繞綠肥產業的全鏈條,研發突破關鍵技術,解決重大生產問題,提升理論研究水平,努力形成適應新形勢的綠肥生產技術與理論體系。

圖1 30年種植翻壓綠肥下的早稻產量[71]Fig. 1 Yield of early rice affected by manure cooperation of green manure for 30 years
概括起來,今后的綠肥科研工作主要包括以下6個方面:
1) 種質資源利用與創新綠肥種質基因庫構建與資源共享,種質資源鑒定、評價、功能挖掘及機制解析,高效養分截獲、多功能、抗逆、適產等品種定向選育及其高產高效栽培體系構建。
2) 輕簡化高效生產高效根瘤菌劑等專用產品,綠肥高效養分截獲提升路徑,不同經營規模下的輕簡化生產裝備。
3) 綠色生產模式構建糧肥復種模式/制度,林下肥飼養立體模式,綠肥–主作物資源競爭機制及化肥減施等調控技術,綠肥與主作物一體化病蟲害防控與基于綠肥的病蟲害阻斷技術。
4) 綠肥供肥與培肥技術及機制綠肥–土壤–作物養分循環特征與調控機制,土壤生物、化學、物理性狀對綠肥的響應及調控手段;綠肥效應的指標體系構建及預測模型。
5) 綠肥增值增效基于綠肥的清潔農產品產業化技術路徑,綠肥綜合利用、開發與價值提升,綠肥功能性成分發掘與利用。
6) 宏觀戰略及產業經濟國家、用戶層面的綠肥生產驅動因子;綠肥產業經濟、生態經濟分析與預測模型;綠肥服務網絡與政策體系。
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Reviews and prospects on science and technology of green manure in China
CAO Wei-dong1,BAO Xing-guo2, XU Chang-xu3, NIE Jun4,GAO Ya-jun5,GENG Ming-jian6
(1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; 2 Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water Saving, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; 3 Institute of Soil &Fertilizer and Resource &Environment,Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; 4 Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410125, China; 5 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 6 College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China)
The paper summarized the history of production and scientific research on green manure (GM) in China since 1949,reviewed the main activities and achievements of the past 60 years, proposed the future tasks of GM. Since the middle and late 1950s, the production and scientific research of GM have experienced 3periods of prosperity, depression, and recovery. The prosperous period lasted for nearly 30 years from the middle and late 1950s to the early 1980s, marking as the prosperous GM production and accumulations of scientific experiences of GM. Scientists summarized massive historical experiences, and concluded some important practices, techniques and theories, such as “Increasing nitrogen by improving phosphorous”,“Phosphorous works only for symptoms while GM plays the interior roles”, “Priming phenomena of GM”. The National Experiment Network of Green Manure (NENGM) was established at the same time. Driven by the huge demand, the production of GM achieved its summit in the 1970s, the planting area was about 1.3×107hm2in the most popular year. The second period was from the early 1980s to the beginning of this century, the average annual planting area of GM declined to the bottom of about 2.0×106hm2, However, the scientific research during this period had got stable financial support, the NENGM carried out nationwide collaborative research and improved the GM subject systematically in the 1980s. In 1990s, the NENGM focused on improving economic benefits of GM, and made great efforts in expanding GM planting area. During this period, regional planning of GM in China was studied and established, GM genetic plasms were sorted out and evaluated, high yielding cultivars were selected or bred, plantation and utilization patterns with potential comprehensive benefits were evaluated and formulated, effects of GM on soil organic matter as well as conditions were clarified, and a number of historic literatures on GM were published. The third period was from the year of 2007 till now, both the production and research of GM were recovered rapidly. National and some provincial policies of subsidies were implemented for GM plantation, special scientific projects of GM were funded successively from 2008 to 2015, moreover, the China Green Manure Research System for GM got approval in 2016. By the efforts of the special scientific projects, the basis of GM germplasms was improved, lightened and simplified production was enhanced greatly, some new patterns and techniques were developed and applied, systems of GM-based high and stable yield as well as clean production were extended widely. Meanwhile, by the collaborative innovation research, GM was proved to be able to promote the ability of high and stable yield when combined with chemical fertilizers, enhance nutrient supply for crops, improve soil physical, chemical, biological properties,and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Practices of 60 years showed that GM was the important material basis for crop production and was an effective technical support for green agriculture. The develop concept of“Beautiful scenery is gold and silver mine” would guide the agricultural production in future. From now on, the GM scientific research should center around the GM industry chains, i.e., utilization and innovation of germplasms, simplified and effective GM production, construction of green production patterns based on GM,nutrient supplying and soil fertilizing technology by GM and the relative regulation mechanisms, ways for improving values and benefits of GM, macro strategies and industrial economics for GM production, etc., and then develop fundamental technologies, solve production problems, solid theory basis, and finally formulate technical and theoretical systems suitable for new agriculture situation.
green manure; scientific research; review; achievement; prospect
2017–07–31 接受日期:2017–10–23
國家綠肥產業技術體系(CARS–22);中國農業科學院科技創新工程;現代農業人才支撐計劃資助。
曹衛東(1968—),男,安徽貴池人,博士,研究員,主要從事綠肥生產利用技術與理論研究。E-mail:caoweidong@caas.cn