李 淼,趙 平,姜 蓉,湯 利
(云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,云南昆明 650201)
四種主栽切花菊品種的養(yǎng)分吸收特征
李 淼,趙 平,姜 蓉,湯 利*
(云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,云南昆明 650201)
【目的】為明確不同切花菊品種的養(yǎng)分需求特性,本研究選取4種引進(jìn)主栽品種對(duì)其養(yǎng)分需求特性進(jìn)行比較,以期為設(shè)施切花菊科學(xué)施肥提供理論依據(jù)和指導(dǎo)。【方法】采用切花菊品種蒙娜麗莎白、乒乓白、羅馬紅和丹特紫為材料,在云南富民豐島花卉設(shè)施大棚中進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn)。于菊花移栽后15 d (根生長(zhǎng)期)、30 d (莖生長(zhǎng)期)、45 d (花芽分化期)、60 d (現(xiàn)蕾期) 和80 d (收獲期) 進(jìn)行采樣,測(cè)定植株干重及氮磷鉀含量,于收獲期測(cè)定觀賞性狀。【結(jié)果】四種切花菊品種干物質(zhì)累積和養(yǎng)分吸收存在顯著差異。羅馬紅和丹特紫的地上部干物質(zhì)累積平均為634.63 g/m2,顯著高于其他2個(gè)品種;丹特紫的地下部干物質(zhì)累積量和鮮重顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種,分別為50.5 g/m2、67.10 g/plant;乒乓白地下部干物質(zhì)累積量相對(duì)較低,為丹特紫的61.9%,鮮重以蒙娜麗莎白相對(duì)較低,為47.32 g/plant。蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅氮、鉀累積量均顯著高于乒乓白和丹特紫。羅馬紅磷累積量顯著高于蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白磷累積量略低于羅馬紅,差異不顯著。四個(gè)菊花品種的N、 P2O5、K2O階段累積速率最快的時(shí)期均出現(xiàn)在30~45 d (莖生長(zhǎng)期~花芽分化期) 和45~60 d (花芽分化期~現(xiàn)蕾期),養(yǎng)分需求量平均為N 4.40 g/m2、P2O52.08 g/m2、K2O 7.35 g/m2和N 4.53 g/m2、P2O51.35 g/m2、K2O 3.62 g/m2;在80 d(收獲期),養(yǎng)分需求量平均為N 2.84 g/m2、P2O50.69 g/m2、K2O 1.31 g/m2,分別占總需求量的19.4%、13.5%、7.8%。【結(jié)論】不同品種切花菊氮磷鉀的吸收、累積和分配存在著顯著性差異,4個(gè)主栽切花菊品種養(yǎng)分需求量以羅馬紅最高,乒乓白最低。蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅氮、鉀累積量均顯著高于乒乓白和丹特紫。羅馬紅磷累積量顯著高于蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白與羅馬紅的磷素累積量差異不顯著。對(duì)于切花菊羅馬紅,尤其應(yīng)重視花芽分化期的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。
切花菊;品種;營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性
菊花是菊科菊屬多年生宿根草本植物,同時(shí)也是四大切花之一。昆明作為國(guó)內(nèi)主要花卉生產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,已然成為中國(guó)最大切花交易市場(chǎng),而切花菊的比重占到我國(guó)切花生產(chǎn)總量的30.1%。大量研究表明,氮磷鉀的吸收、累積在植株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中有著至關(guān)重要的作用[1–4],目前關(guān)于切花菊的研究國(guó)內(nèi)更多集中在病害、保鮮和栽培技術(shù)等方面[5–9]。近幾年對(duì)藥用菊花,如杭白菊、懷花菊的氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分吸收特性多有研究。張朋等[10]和祝麗香等[11]研究表明,N/為25∶75時(shí)較利于杭白菊的生長(zhǎng)及品質(zhì)提升;杭白菊N、P2O5、K2O吸收比例為1∶0.88∶1.58。野菊花適宜的N、P、K肥施用量分別為 131.280~187.254 kg/hm2、113.415~170.460 kg/hm2、118.335~220.845 kg/hm2[12]。李麗偉等[13]研究表明在2763.13 kg/hm2的產(chǎn)量水平下,每公頃懷菊花吸氮193.42 kg,平均生產(chǎn)1 kg干花需吸收氮0.07 kg。但目前對(duì)于設(shè)施條件下,切花菊氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收特性研究?jī)H局限于一個(gè)品種。本文選取4個(gè)引進(jìn)主栽品種,對(duì)其不同生育期的養(yǎng)分需求特性進(jìn)行探究。旨在明確設(shè)施條件下其養(yǎng)分需求規(guī)律,更好地進(jìn)行科學(xué)施肥,為建立高產(chǎn)高效的施肥體系提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。
1.1 供試材料
試驗(yàn)在云南省富民縣云南豐島花卉有限公司種植基地 (N25°22.5′,E102°30′) 保溫式雙層塑料大棚中進(jìn)行。供試土壤為紅壤,其基本理化性狀:pH 6.3、堿解氮278.2 mg/kg、有效磷131.1 mg/kg、速效鉀177.1 mg/kg、有機(jī)質(zhì)70.8 g/kg。試驗(yàn)花卉選取四個(gè)引進(jìn)主栽品種,分別為蒙娜麗莎白 (Monalisa white)、乒乓白 (Pingpang white)、羅馬紅 (Roma red)和丹特紫 (Dante purple)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
田間試驗(yàn)小區(qū)面積為20 m2,基質(zhì)育苗植株于2015年10月20日移栽,定植于10 cm × 10 cm的網(wǎng)格中,種植密度為75株/m2,2016年1月20日收獲切花。每個(gè)品種重復(fù)3次,隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。
供試肥料按照昆明設(shè)施菊花基地切花菊的常規(guī)方式,采用N∶P2O5∶K2O比例為15∶15∶15的復(fù)合肥?;?50 kg/hm2,于2015年12月5日(花芽分化期) 追施450 kg/hm2。補(bǔ)光、遮光時(shí)間和水分補(bǔ)充 (滴灌) 均按基地常規(guī)設(shè)施菊花管理。
1.3 取樣與分析
每個(gè)小區(qū)分別于移栽后15 d (根生長(zhǎng)期)、30 d(莖生長(zhǎng)期)、45 d (花芽分化期)、60 d (現(xiàn)蕾期)、80 d(收獲期),按“S”型多點(diǎn)取樣30株。測(cè)定植株的觀賞性狀 (株高、葉片數(shù)、莖粗、花莖粗、花苞數(shù)和鮮重),莖粗和花莖粗用游標(biāo)卡尺進(jìn)行測(cè)定。分別取植株的根、莖、葉、花,105°殺青30 min,60~70°C烘干制取樣品,粉碎,充分混合后備用。用H2SO4–H2O2消煮,凱氏定氮法測(cè)定全氮,釩鉬黃比色法測(cè)定全磷,火焰光度計(jì)法測(cè)定全鉀含量[14]。
有關(guān)參數(shù)計(jì)算如下:
養(yǎng)分階段累積強(qiáng)度 = (所求時(shí)期養(yǎng)分累積量–前期養(yǎng)分累積量)/間隔采樣天數(shù)
器官養(yǎng)分分配率 = 該器官養(yǎng)分累積量/植株養(yǎng)分總累積量 × 100%
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Microsoft Excel 2016處理,用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行多重比較分析。
2.1 不同品種切花菊觀賞性狀
由表1可知,不同品種的莖粗并無(wú)顯著差異。菊花鮮重以丹特紫最大,相較于其他3個(gè)品種顯著增加了14.2%~29.5%;其次是乒乓白,相較于其他2個(gè)品種顯著增加了15.6%~17.8%;羅馬紅略高于蒙娜麗莎白,但差異不顯著。蒙娜麗莎白的株高相較于其他3個(gè)品種,顯著增加了19.0%;其次是羅馬紅,乒乓白和丹特紫最小。丹特紫的每株葉片數(shù)相較于其他3個(gè)品種顯著減少了14.2%~32.9%,而花莖粗顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種。菊花花苞數(shù)以丹特紫和羅馬紅相對(duì)較高,蒙娜麗莎白次之,乒乓白最小。
2.2 不同品種干物質(zhì)累積特征
品種差異不會(huì)影響干物質(zhì)累積趨勢(shì),但累積量差異顯著 (圖1)。移栽45 d后,蒙娜麗莎白、乒乓白、羅馬紅根部干物質(zhì)累積量分別占到整個(gè)生育期累積的14.6%、27.0%、18.9%;60 d后,占比分別為30.5%、17.6%、24.2%;80 d后,以丹特紫根部干物質(zhì)累積最大,而羅馬紅最小,占到丹特紫的60.4%。地上部干物質(zhì)累積量在移栽15 d時(shí),丹特紫顯著高于其他品種,增幅為19.0%~50.0%,乒乓白次之,蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅最小。移栽80 d后,地上部干物質(zhì)累積量達(dá)到整個(gè)生育期的峰值,以丹特紫相對(duì)較高,達(dá)639.75 g/m2。
2.3 不同品種切花菊氮、磷、鉀累積吸收
2.3.1 氮素累積分配特征 由表2可知,移栽45 d時(shí),氮主要累積在葉片和莖中,分配率為92.6%~95.9%,根系的分配率僅為4.1%~7.4%。移栽60 d時(shí),莖、葉和根系的氮素累積逐漸減少,花蕾逐漸增加。移栽80 d時(shí),花氮素累積量迅速增加,分配率為11.9%~23.4%。
移栽45~80 d時(shí),丹特紫根系氮累積量顯著高于其他品種,其次是蒙娜麗莎白和乒乓白,羅馬紅累積量最小。移栽45 d后,莖、葉氮累積量丹特紫相較于其他3個(gè)品種,顯著增加了29.4%~37.6%;30~45 d莖葉累積強(qiáng)度以丹特紫最高,羅馬紅最小。移栽60 d,羅馬紅和丹特紫莖葉氮累積量相較于蒙娜麗莎白和乒乓白,顯著增加了13.8%~21.6%;45~60 d羅馬紅的階段累積強(qiáng)度最大,其次是蒙娜麗莎白。移栽80 d后,羅馬紅的花氮累積量最大,蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫最小,僅為羅馬紅的53.8%、55.5%。表2也表明,蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅的氮吸收能力最強(qiáng),其次是丹特紫,乒乓白氮吸收能力最小。

表1 不同品種切花菊單株觀賞性狀Table 1 Ornamental character of different chrysanthemum cultivars

圖1 不同品種切花菊干物質(zhì)累積變化Fig. 1 Dry matter accumulation of different chrysanthemum cultivars

表2 移栽后不同天數(shù)切花菊氮素累積分配特征Table 2 N accumulation and distribution of different chrysanthemum cultivars after transplanting
2.3.2 磷素累積分配特征 由表3可知,移栽后45 d,磷素主要累積在莖葉中,其分配率為90.7%~93.5%。移栽80 d時(shí),莖葉、根的磷素累積逐漸減少,此時(shí)花的分配率為4.0%~18.1%;各器官的磷素累積量為莖葉 > 花 > 根。丹特紫和乒乓白磷素累積強(qiáng)度峰值高達(dá) 61.53 mg/(m2·d)、50.37 mg/(m2·d)。
不同品種比較,移栽45 d,丹特紫根系磷素累積相較于其他3個(gè)品種,顯著增加了38.5%~53.8%,其次是乒乓白;莖葉磷素累積以丹特紫最高,乒乓白次之,蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅最小。移栽60 d,丹特紫根系磷累積顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種,增幅為17.6%~64.7%,而丹特紫莖葉磷素累積量顯著低于其他3個(gè)品種。移栽80 d,羅馬紅莖葉磷素累積量最高,丹特紫的最?。黄古野缀土_馬紅根系累積顯著小于其他兩個(gè)品種,但花中磷素累積顯著高于其他品種。表3也表明,羅馬紅的磷吸收能力最強(qiáng),其次是乒乓白和丹特紫,蒙娜麗莎白磷吸收能力較差。

表3 移栽后不同天數(shù)切花菊磷素累積分配特征Table 3 P accumulation and distribution of different chrysanthemum cultivars after transplanting
2.3.3 鉀素累積分配特征 由表4可知,移栽45d時(shí),鉀素主要累積在莖葉中,分配率為92.6%~95.9%;移栽60 d,莖葉、根中的磷素累積逐漸減少。移栽80 d時(shí),鉀素累積甚至出現(xiàn)負(fù)吸收,跟氮素累積相似。各器官的鉀素累積為莖葉 > 花 > 根。各器官鉀素累積強(qiáng)度峰值出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間因品種不同而異。在移栽45~80 d時(shí),丹特紫根系鉀素累積量顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種,羅馬紅根系累積量最小。移栽45 d,丹特紫莖葉鉀素累積量顯著低于其他3個(gè)品種,平均降幅為72.1%。移栽60~80 d,蒙娜麗莎白莖葉鉀素累積相較于羅馬紅略高,但差異不顯著。莖葉在45~80 d,乒乓白、羅馬紅、蒙娜麗莎白莖葉階段累積強(qiáng)度峰值出現(xiàn)在花芽分化期,而丹特紫峰值延遲至現(xiàn)蕾期。表4也表明,蒙娜麗莎白鉀素吸收能力最強(qiáng),其次是羅馬紅和丹特紫,乒乓白鉀吸收能力較差。
2.4 不同品種切花菊百枝花所需養(yǎng)分量
由表5可知,切花菊品種不同,其百枝花所需要的養(yǎng)分量及其比例也有很大差異。蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅需氮、鉀量相較于其他2個(gè)品種,分別平均顯著增加了19.7%、22.8%。羅馬紅需磷量相較蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫,平均顯著增加了22.8%。不同品種切花菊對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收量均表現(xiàn)為K2O > N > P2O5。
3.1 不同品種切花菊生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育
關(guān)于其他切花,如香石竹、郁金香、玫瑰[4–5,16]多有研究報(bào)道,但對(duì)設(shè)施條件下,不同品種切花菊的研究尚少,本研究在設(shè)施同等栽培條件、施肥技術(shù)下,比較了4種引進(jìn)切花菊品種特性,結(jié)果表明蒙娜麗莎白株高和丹特紫單支鮮重顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種。品種不同不會(huì)影響干物質(zhì)積累趨勢(shì),為近“S型”曲線增長(zhǎng),但會(huì)影響累積量[20–21],羅馬紅和丹特紫地上部干物質(zhì)累積平均為634.63 g/m2,顯著高于其他2個(gè)品種;丹特紫地下部干物質(zhì)累積量和鮮重顯著高于其他3個(gè)品種,分別為50.5 g/m2、67.10 g/plant;乒乓白根系干物質(zhì)累積量相對(duì)較低,為丹特紫的61.88%,而鮮重以蒙娜麗莎白相對(duì)較低,為47.32 g/plant。

表4 移栽后不同天數(shù)切花菊鉀素累積分配特征Table 4 K accumulation and distribution of different chrysanthemum cultivars after transplanting

表5 不同品種切花菊百枝花所需氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分比例(N: P2O5: K2O)及數(shù)量Table 5 The amounts and ratios of N, P2O5, K2O for forming 100 plants of different chrysanthemum cultivars
3.2 不同品種切花菊養(yǎng)分吸收
本研究結(jié)果表明,不同品種間養(yǎng)分吸收差異顯著,說(shuō)明作物的遺傳因素對(duì)切花菊的養(yǎng)分需求特性影響很大,這與前人對(duì)其他作物的研究結(jié)果一致[17–19]。姜蓉等[22]研究認(rèn)為,M. Pink(粉色) 對(duì)氮、磷、鉀的累積吸收量表現(xiàn)為N > K2O > P2O5,這與本試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果不同,可能與移栽時(shí)間、光照有關(guān),寒冷季節(jié)菊花含氮量相對(duì)下降,有利于提高抗寒性[23]。本研究也表明,氮磷鉀素累積主要集中在莖、葉部,因品種不同,略有差異;移栽80 d,莖葉鉀累積量甚至出現(xiàn)負(fù)吸收,以乒乓白最高,為 –39.82.5 mg/(m2·d),這可能與葉片的自然脫落有關(guān),這與吳旭銀等[24]研究結(jié)果一致。蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅氮、鉀量累積量顯著均高于乒乓白和丹特紫。羅馬紅磷累積量顯著高于蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白磷累積量略低于羅馬紅,差異并不顯著。移栽45 d,養(yǎng)分主要集中在莖葉中,有利于植株的營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng),隨著生育進(jìn)程的推進(jìn),養(yǎng)分逐漸向花中轉(zhuǎn)移;到80 d,花的氮、磷、鉀階段累積吸收強(qiáng)度最大。對(duì)于切花菊施肥,尤其要注重花芽分化期養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。本試驗(yàn)是在設(shè)施常規(guī)施肥條件下,研究4種不同引進(jìn)切花菊品種的養(yǎng)分吸收特性,試驗(yàn)中所得到的養(yǎng)分參數(shù)對(duì)于切花菊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷和施肥有重要的參考意義。本文中所選取的都是秋冬時(shí)期的不同品種切花菊,對(duì)于春夏時(shí)期的切花菊有待進(jìn)一步研究。
1) 品種不同并不會(huì)改變切花菊干物質(zhì)的累積趨勢(shì),但會(huì)影響累積量。丹特紫干物質(zhì)量顯著高于其他品種,乒乓白最低。
2) 在本試驗(yàn)種植條件下,不同品種切花菊氮磷鉀的吸收、累積和分配存在著顯著性差異,蒙娜麗莎白和羅馬紅氮、鉀量累積量均顯著高于乒乓白和丹特紫。羅馬紅磷累積量顯著高于蒙娜麗莎白和丹特紫,而乒乓白與羅馬紅的磷素累積量差異不顯著。4種主栽切花菊品種養(yǎng)分需求量以羅馬紅最高,乒乓白最小。對(duì)于切花菊羅馬紅,應(yīng)尤其重視花芽分化期的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。
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Nutrient requirement characteristics of four cut-chrysanthemum cultivars
LI Miao, ZHAO Ping, JIANG Rong, TANG Li*
(College of Resource and Environment Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China)
【Objectives】This study compared the characteristics of NPK nutrition uptake, accumulation and distribution of four cultivars of cut-chrysanthemum under regularly fertilizing during different growth stages in field experiment to provide scientific theory of nutrition uptake and practical instruction of fertilization.【Methods】Four cut-chrysanthemum cultivars of Monalisa white, Pingpang white, Roma red and Dante purple were chosen as the experimental materials, a field experiment was conducted in greenhouse located in Fumin County, Kunming. The dry weight, the contents of N, P and K in different organs were analyzed after the seedlings were transplanted 15 d (root growth stage), 30 d (stem growth stage), 45 d (flower bud differentiation stage), 60 d (squaring stage), and 80 d (harvest stage), and the ornamental traits in the harvest period were measured.【Results】The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nutrients varied significantly among the cultivars. The shoot dry matter accumulation in Dante purple and Roma red was averaged 634.63 g/m2, which was significantly higher than those in the other two varieties. The root dry matter accumulation and fresh weight of Dante purple were 50.5 g/m2and 67.10 g/plant, which were significantly higher than those in the other cultivars.The root dry matter in Pingpang white was only 61.9% of that in Dante purple, the fresh weight of Monalisa white was 47.32 g/plant, significantly lower than the other varieties. The N and K accumulation in Monalisa white and Roma red were significantly higher than in Pingpang white and Dante purple. The P accumulation in Roma red was significantly higher than those in Monalisa white and Dante purple, while the P accumulation of Pingpang white was similar to Roma red. The rapidest N, Pand K absorption and accumulation appeared in the 30–45 days and 45–60 days after transplanting, the demand for N, P and K were 4.40, 2.08 and 7.35 g/m2during the 30–45 days and 4.53, 1.35 and 3.62 g/m2during the 45–60 days, and 2.84, 0.69 and 1.31 g/m2after 80 days (harvest stage).【Conclusions】Different cultivars of chrysanthemum are significantly different in NPK absorption, accumulation and distribution, and the highest nutrient requirement is in cultivar Rome red and the least in Pingpang white. The cultivars of Monalisa white and Roma red require significantly higher N and K accumulation than the Pingpang white and Dante purple. P accumulation of Rome red is significantly higher than Monalisa white and Dante purple, while that of Pingpang white is slightly lower than Rome red. For Roma red,special attention should be paid to the nutrient supply during flower bud differentiation stage.
cut-chrysanthemum; cultivar; nutrition characteristics
2017–02–17 接受日期:2017–06–21
公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201103003,201103004);云南省生態(tài)文明建設(shè)專項(xiàng)資助。
李淼 (1990—),女,陜西咸陽(yáng)人,碩士研究生,主要從事植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料研究。 E-mail:luoluo_lm@sina.cn
* 通信作者 E-mail:ltang@ynau.edu.cn