萬 濤 胡世玲 尹明華 周 峻 周茹欣
重慶萬州地區妊娠期婦女血清甲狀腺激素參考區間研究
萬 濤①胡世玲①尹明華①周 峻①周茹欣①
目的:建立重慶萬州地區不同孕期婦女甲狀腺激素參考區間,為準確篩查及診斷孕期甲狀腺疾病提供依據。方法:選取在醫院就診的5320例妊娠婦女,按照美國甲狀腺學會(ATA)推薦分期將妊娠婦女分為3組:妊娠早期組(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期組(孕13~27周)1731例,妊娠晚期組(孕28~40周)1957例。另選同期相匹配的426名非妊娠期健康婦女為健康對照組。分析所有妊娠婦女和非孕期健康婦女的血清促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、游離甲狀腺素(FT4)水平,并建立各孕期參考區間。結果:所有妊娠婦女及非妊娠婦女的TSH水平均呈偏態分布,故以中位數(M)及雙側限值(P2.5~P97.5)表示其參考范圍。TSH水平在妊娠早期組[0.81(0.03~3.19)]、妊娠中期組[1.11(0.04~3.71)]、妊娠晚期組[1.97(0.42~5.41)]期逐漸上升,兩兩比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。其中妊娠晚期組與健康對照組[1.79(0.59-5.51)]比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。FT4水平在T1[13.59(10.39~17.61)]、T2[12.56(9.28~16.06)]、T3[11.54(8.37~15.02)]期逐漸降低,均低于健康對照組[14.01(11.01~18.18)],各組兩兩比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:建立重慶萬州地區不同孕期婦女甲狀腺激素水平的參考區間,有助于正確評價本地區妊娠期婦女的甲狀腺功能。
甲狀腺激素;參考區間;孕婦;萬州
甲狀腺疾病好發于女性,尤其是育齡婦女。在妊娠過程中,雌激素的改變、人絨毛膜促性腺激素的作用和碘代謝異常等生理變化會導致甲狀腺相關激素指標發生復雜的變化,這些變化可能會導致與妊娠有關的甲狀腺疾病[1-6]。妊娠期合并甲狀腺疾病時可導致早產、流產及死胎等風險的增加,妊娠期甲狀腺功能不足,如甲狀腺功能減低癥、亞臨床甲狀腺功能減低癥和低T4綜合癥,甚至單純的甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體陽性均可對胎兒和母體健康產生不良影響,可嚴重損害胎兒神經系統發育,導致其出生后的智力下降,因此對妊娠婦女甲狀腺疾病的診斷和治療顯得尤為重要[7-11]。
目前,尚無公認的妊娠各期甲狀腺激素參考范圍可應用于臨床,通常實驗室多借用非孕期參考值范圍,但由于人種、碘攝取水平和試劑廠商等的差異,可能會造成漏診和誤診。美國國家生化學院(National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry,NACB)在《實驗室診斷與監測甲狀腺疾病的應用指南》中強調,在檢驗妊娠婦女的甲狀腺功能時,應使用不同妊娠期的正常參考值范圍對甲狀腺疾病進行篩查,并建議各地區建立自己的妊娠甲狀腺激素參考范圍,對發現的甲狀腺疾病及早的進行診斷和治療[12]。為此,本研究針對重慶萬州地區妊娠標本,建立本地區妊娠甲狀腺激素水平的正常參考區間,以期為孕婦甲狀腺功能篩查提供準確可靠的依據,降低對妊娠甲狀腺疾病的漏診率和誤診率。
1.1 一般資料
收集2014年8月至2016年1月于重慶市萬州區婦幼保健院就診的5320例門診及住院妊娠婦女;所有妊娠婦女經過篩選,按美國甲狀腺協會(American Thyroid Association,ATA)推薦分期將其分為妊娠早期組(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期組(孕13~27周)1 731例,妊娠晚期組(孕28~40周)1 957例。另選426名同期相匹配的非妊娠期健康婦女作為健康對照組。
1.2 納入與排除標準
健康孕婦參照美國NACB標準[13]制定本研究的入選和排除標準。
(1)納入標準:①18歲以上無重大疾病體檢孕婦;②所有妊娠婦女和非妊娠期健康婦女均簽署知情同意書;③妊娠婦女樣本量≥120例。
(2)排除標準:①抗甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(antithyroid peroxidase autoantibody,Anti-TPO)和甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(anti-thyroglobulin antibodies,TGA)陽性者;②甲狀腺史和家族史患者;③服用甲狀腺藥物者(雌激素類除外);③資料不全者;④排除嚴重心臟、肺、肝臟、腎臟及胃腸疾病者;⑤離群值偏離中位數值5 SD。
1.3 儀器與試劑
Maglumi 2000全自動化學發光分析儀(深圳市新產業生物醫學工程股份有限公司);促甲狀腺激素(thyrotropin,thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游離四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free tetraiodothyronine,FT4)、Anti-TPO、TGA試劑盒以及配套的定標品和質控品均由深圳市新產業生物醫學工程股份有限公司提供。血清TSH線性范圍為0.01~100 μIU/ml;血清FT3線性范圍為0.2~50 pg/ml;血清FT4線性范圍為1~120 pg/ml;血清Anti-TPO線性范圍為0.38~1 000 IU/ml;TGA線性范圍為0.5~2 800 IU/ml。
1.4 檢測方法
收集各組婦女適量空腹靜脈全血,靜置30 min后以離心半徑15 cm、3 000 r/min離心10 min,分離血清標本后嚴格按照說明書進行檢測。如果出現溶血標本時則重新采集標本進行檢測。
1.5 統計學方法
采用SPSS 22.0軟件進行數據分析,數據正態性分布采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗。指標若為正態分布,采用均值±標準差(x-±s)表示,兩兩對比采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA);若為偏態分布,指標使用百分位數法表示,其結果用中位數及雙側限值表示,選擇95%可信區間,即P2.5~P97.5作為參考區間,兩組比較和多組比較分別選用Mann-Whitney檢驗和Kruskal Wallis檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
(1)妊娠早期組、妊娠中期組及妊娠晚期組的年齡指標均符合正態分布,平均年齡(26.87±6.03)歲;妊娠早期組年齡20~42歲,平均年齡(26.74±4.69)歲;妊娠中期組年齡19~40歲,平均年齡(26.21±4.58)歲;妊娠晚期組年齡19~39歲,平均年齡(26.35±5.26)歲;健康對照組年齡19~41歲。所有入組婦女年齡呈正態分布,4組間年齡比較差異無統計學意義(F=0.89,P>0.05),見表1。
(2)TSH和FT4相關數據均呈偏態分布,兩組比較和多組比較分別選用Mann-Whitney檢驗和Kruskal Wallis檢驗。TSH值在妊娠早期最低,妊娠中期略有升高,隨著孕周增加,TSH值逐漸升高,在妊娠晚期達到高峰,甚至略高于非孕期健康對照組。TSH值采用Mann-Whitney檢驗兩兩比較:①妊娠早期與健康對照組比較差異有統計學意義(P=0.00<0.05);②妊娠中期與健康對照組比較差異有統計學意義(P=0.00<0.05);③妊娠晚期與健康對照組比較差異無統計學意義(P=1.23>0.05);④妊娠早期與妊娠中期比較差異有統計學意義(P=0.008<0.05);⑤妊娠早期與妊娠晚期比較差異有統計學意義(P=0.00<0.05);⑥妊娠中期與妊娠晚期比較差異有統計學意義(P=0.001<0.05)。FT4采用Kruskal Wallis檢驗多組比較,其差異有統計學意義(P=0.009<0.05),見表2。

表1 入組婦女基本資料(x-±s)

組別例數TSH(μlU/ml)FT4(pg/ml)妊娠早期組16320.81(0.03~3.19)*13.59(10.39~17.61)△妊娠中期組17311.11(0.04~3.71)*12.56(9.28~16.06)△妊娠晚期組19571.97(0.42~5.41)**11.54(8.37~15.02)△健康對照組4261.79(0.59~5.51)14.01(11.01~18.18)△
妊娠合并甲狀腺疾病對母體和胎兒均有不良的影響,可致妊娠期高血壓、貧血、糖代謝異常、胎兒生長受限及新生兒低體重等并發癥的產生,甚至會引起早產、流產和胎死腹中[14-15]。甲狀腺功能亢進癥或甲狀腺功能減退癥的臨床表征在妊娠期易被妊娠生理反應所掩蓋,如果診治不及時,不良妊娠結局的發生率將極大提高。部分孕婦早期出現亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退,隨著孕期增長病情可進展為妊娠期甲狀腺功能減退,從而導致不良妊娠結局。因此,對于上述疾病的早期診斷尤為重要。
血清甲狀腺功能指標的測定是門診初步評估被檢者甲狀腺功能的首選檢測項目和敏感指標。影響正常人群TSH測定值的因素包括所在地區的碘營養狀態和測定試劑,多數研究指出,TSH、FT4的參考區間的界定因不同地區、人群、種族、碘攝取量、孕期以及檢測系統等而異。絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG)因其α亞單位與TSH相似,對孕婦甲狀腺有直接刺激作用,在妊娠8~10周逐漸達到高峰并對垂體分泌TRH水平產生抑制作用,使血清TSH水平降低20%~30%[16]。本研究數據顯示,隨著妊娠期的增長,TSH測定值逐漸升高而FT4測定值逐漸下降,這一變化趨勢與以往的研究結果相符[17-19]。國內外均有報道指出TSH、FT4在不同檢測系統中不具有可比性,但具有相關性,Maglumi 2000全自動化學發光分析儀尚未建立妊娠婦女甲狀腺激素參考區間,采用其他儀器參考區間可能發生甲狀腺疾病的漏診和誤診,延誤患者診治。采用非孕期或者同一參考區間評估不同妊娠期婦女甲狀腺狀態也是不適宜的。
本研究建立了重慶市萬州地區正常孕婦不同孕期甲狀腺激素水平的參考范圍,揭示不同孕期妊娠期婦女甲狀腺激素水平的變化規律,期望能為本地區孕期婦女甲狀腺疾病的臨床診斷、治療、監測以及相關研究提供一定的參考意義。
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Study on the reference ranges of serum thyroid hormone of pregnant woman of Wanzhou area in Chongqing/
WAN Tao, HU Shi-ling, YIN Ming-hua, et al//
China Medical Equipment,2017,14(8):105-108.
Objective: To establish the reference ranges of serum thyroid hormone for pregnant woman of different gestation in Wanzhou area of Chongqing so as to provide reference for accurately screening and diagnosing thyroid disease of gestation. Methods: 5320 pregnant women and 426 non- pregnant healthy women were divided into first trimester of pregnancy group (1-12 weeks, 1632 cases), second trimester of pregnancy group (13-27 weeks, 1731 cases) and third trimester of pregnancy group (28-40 weeks, 1957 cases) according to the standard of American thyroid association (ATA). The matching healthy non- pregnant women were divided into control group. The serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the free thyroxine (FT4) of all of cases were analyzed and the different reference ranges of various gestation was established. Results: The TSH of all of cases were skew distribution, so the median and bilateral limiting value (P2.5 and P7.5) were used to reflect its reference ranges. The TSH levels of first trimester of pregnancy group, second trimester of pregnancy group and third trimester of pregnancy respectively were [0.81(0.03~3.19)], [1.11(0.04~3.71)] and [1.97(0.42~5.41)], and the difference of comparison between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference of TSH level between third trimester of pregnancy and control group [1.79(0.59-5.51)] were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Besides, the FT4 levels gradually decreased with the change of gestation and all of them were lower than that of healthy control group, and the differences of FT4 levels between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The reference ranges of thyroid hormone levels in different gestation for Wanzhou area of Chongqing are established, and it contributes to correctly estimate and evaluate the thyroid function of pregnant women in local area.
Thyroid hormones; Reference ranges; Pregnant women; Wanzhou
Maternal and Child Care Hospital of Wanzhou District in Chongqing, Chongqing 404100, China.
1672-8270(2017)08-0105-04
R714.256
A
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.08.029

2016-11-10
①重慶市萬州區婦幼保健院產科圍產醫學實驗室 重慶 404100
萬濤,男,(1981- ),本科學歷,主管技師。重慶市萬州區婦幼保健院產科圍產醫學實驗室,從事醫學檢驗工作。