孫星峰, 田復波, 黃紹強, 耿桂啟
復旦大學附屬婦產科醫院麻醉科,上海 200090
·短篇論著·
椎管內阻滯分娩鎮痛時產婦宮縮疼痛程度對剖宮產率的影響
孫星峰, 田復波, 黃紹強*, 耿桂啟
復旦大學附屬婦產科醫院麻醉科,上海 200090
目的: 探討椎管內阻滯用于分娩鎮痛時產婦宮縮疼痛程度對剖宮產率的影響。方法: 選擇單胎、頭位、宮口<4 cm,無產科并發癥產婦590例,根據數字評分量表(NRS)評分,將其分為3組:L(1~4分)組、M(5~7分)和H(8~10分)組。產婦均于腰2~3或腰3~4間隙進行硬膜外穿刺。行硬膜外鎮痛者硬膜外腔給予實驗劑量1.0%碳酸利多卡因5 mL,待阻滯平面出現后給予負荷劑量0.1%羅哌卡因復合5 μg舒芬太尼混合液10 mL,觀察30 min無不良反應后連接患者自控硬膜外鎮痛泵(PCEA)。行CSEA鎮痛者硬膜外穿刺成功后蛛網膜下隙注入0.1%羅哌卡因復合3 μg舒芬太尼混合液3 mL,90 min后連接PCEA。觀察并記錄行鎮痛前產婦的NRS評分;第一產程時間、第二產程時間和分娩方式。結果: 3組間鎮痛后30 min NRS評分、宮口大小、第一產程時間、第二產程時間組間比較差異無統計學意義;3組間產鉗助產率和剖宮產率比較差異無統計學意義。結論: 椎管內阻滯分娩鎮痛時產婦的宮縮疼痛程度對剖宮產率無明顯影響。
硬膜外,脊髓;分娩鎮痛;剖宮產率;剖宮產術
分娩過程中的疼痛程度被認為與產程的延長和剖宮產率的增加有關。分娩疼痛程度因個體的身體狀況、精神狀態和產程中宮頸的擴張程度不同而不同。目前對于分娩鎮痛前產婦的宮縮疼痛程度對分娩方式的影響存在不同的觀點,有人認為,硬膜外阻滯(epidural analgesia, EA)分娩鎮痛前產婦的疼痛程度可影響產科結局[1-4];相反的,有人認為硬膜外阻滯實施分娩鎮痛前產婦的疼痛程度與分娩方式無關[5-7]。腰麻-硬膜外聯合阻滯(combined spinal and epidural analgesia, CSEA)用于分娩鎮痛雖在臨床推廣已久,但在其實施前產婦的宮縮疼痛程度對產科結局的影響尚不清楚。因此,本研究擬評價兩種椎管內阻滯鎮痛方法實施前產婦的宮縮疼痛程度對分娩方式的影響。
1.1 病例選擇及分組 本研究經復旦大學附屬婦產科醫院倫理委員會批準,產婦均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。選擇本院2015年7月至12月收治的產婦590例。入選標準:年齡21~40歲、體質指數(body mass index, BMI) 24~30 kg/m2,ASA分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,單胎、頭位、孕37~41周、宮口<4 cm,無產科合并癥及并發癥,經產科醫師評價能陰道分娩者。根據產婦要求行分娩鎮痛時的數字評分量表(NRS,10 cm疼痛評分尺:0表示無痛;10表示最難以忍受的疼痛)評分,將其分為3組:L(NRS 1~4分)組、M(NRS 5~7分)和H(NRS 8~10分)組。
1.2 麻醉方法 產婦自愿要求行分娩鎮痛,胎心監護顯示無異常,宮口<4 cm,完善監測,開放靜脈通路。產婦均于腰2~3或腰3~4間隙進行硬膜外穿刺。行EA鎮痛者硬膜外穿刺成功后頭向置管4 cm,給予實驗劑量1.0%碳酸利多卡因5 mL,待阻滯平面出現后給予負荷劑量0.1%羅哌卡因復合5 μg舒芬太尼混合液10 mL,觀察30 min無不良反應后連接患者自控硬膜外鎮痛泵(PCEA)。行CSEA鎮痛者硬膜外穿刺成功后運用“針內針”法行腰麻穿刺,蛛網膜下隙注入0.1%羅哌卡因復合3 μg舒芬太尼混合液3 mL,隨后硬膜外腔頭向置管4 cm,90 min后連接PCEA。PCEA方案:鎮痛藥配方為0.1%羅哌卡因與0.5 μg/mL舒芬太尼混合液,背景劑量6 mL/h,6 mL,鎖定時間20 min。
1.3 觀察指標 觀察并記錄行鎮痛前產婦的NRS評分、鎮痛后30 min NRS評分,宮口大小,所有產婦的鎮痛前和鎮痛后30 min的平均動脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)和胎心率(FHR),第一產程時間(從規律宮縮鎮痛開始至宮口10 cm),第二產程時間(從宮口10 cm至胎兒娩出),分娩方式(自然分娩、器械助產和剖宮產),催產素使用情況,發熱(≥38℃)情況;新生兒體質量和1 min、5 min的Apgar評分。

2.1 一般資料 結果(表1)表明:M組6例、H組2例因社會因素行剖宮產手術,其數據未納入統計學分析。各組產婦一般情況比較差異無統計學意義。

表1 各組產婦一般情況比較
2.2 各組產婦血流動力學結果和胎心率結果 結果(表2)表明:各組產婦鎮痛前和鎮痛后30 min MAP、HR和FHR組間比較差異無統計學意義。

表2 各組產婦鎮痛前和鎮痛后30 min MAP、HR及FHR的比較
1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
2.3 不同組別產婦產科過程和分娩方式的對比 結果(表3)表明:3組間鎮痛后30 min NRS評分、宮口大小、第一產程時間、第二產程時間、組間比較差異無統計學意義。3組間產鉗助產率和剖宮產率比較差異無統計學意義。多變量回歸分析顯示:催產素使用率、發熱發生率和鎮痛方法對剖宮產率的影響3組間比較差異無統計學意義。

表3 各組產婦分娩特征和分娩方式的比較
2.4 3組間新生兒情況的比較 結果(表4)表明:各組間新生兒體質量、1 min和 5 min Apgar評分組間比較差異無統計學意義。

表4 新生兒預后情況的比較
既往研究[3-4]表明:行EA分娩鎮痛前的疼痛程度與剖宮產率有關,認為疼痛程度高的產婦難產率增加,引起剖宮產率增高。而本研究結果顯示,行EA鎮痛者3組間剖宮產率比較差異無統計學意義,疼痛程度高者并未顯示難產率高,提示行EA分娩鎮痛前產婦的疼痛程度對分娩方式沒有影響,與Beilin等[5]報道的EA鎮痛前產婦的疼痛程度對分娩方式影響的觀察結果相似。
CSEA分娩鎮痛被認為是目前鎮痛效果最確切的分娩鎮痛方法,相對于EA分娩鎮痛,其起效迅速,鎮痛效果確切,但同時使得血漿中兒茶酚胺和宮縮抑制劑水平迅速降低,導致子宮收縮增強,子宮血管阻力增加,胎兒氧供減少,引起胎心率異常發生率增加[8-10],可能導致剖宮產率增加。但本研究結果顯示,行CSEA鎮痛的產婦中H組剖宮產率并不比L組和M組高,提示行CSEA分娩鎮痛前產婦的疼痛程度對分娩方式沒有影響。同時,本研究結果顯示3組剖宮產率均低于15%,而上述研究[4-5]各組剖宮產率均高于20%,提示CSEA分娩鎮痛相比于EA分娩鎮痛并不增加剖宮產率。另有研究[7,11]顯示,相對于EA分娩鎮痛,CSEA分娩鎮痛可縮短產程。
本研究結果表明:產婦入選時一般情況和宮口大小各組間比較差異無統計學意義,說明產婦入選條件一致,分組標準只按疼痛評分高低劃分。第一產程時間、第二產程時間和催產素使用率各組間比較差異無統計學意義。各組間新生兒比較差異無統計學意義,說明由新生兒因素引起的疼痛程度對各組的影響相同。因此,本研究結果基本消除了分娩過程中產科因素和產科醫生因素對分娩方式的影響。
本研究參照文獻[4-5]依據疼痛程度將入組產婦分為3組進行研究和分析;選擇宮口<4 cm為納入標準。根據預試驗結果,選擇本研究藥物的劑量。本研究仍有一定的局限性:僅選擇了日間行椎管內分娩鎮痛的產婦,由于生物節律性的影響,夜間行分娩鎮痛的產婦是否是相同結果,需要進一步研究。本研究樣本的均一性不高,有待進一步完善。
綜上所述,本研究結果提示椎管內阻滯用于分娩鎮痛時產婦的宮縮疼痛程度對剖宮產率無明顯影響。
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[本文編輯] 廖曉瑜, 賈澤軍
Effect of the degree of labor pain at the time of intraspinal labor analgesia on the incidence of cesarean delivery
SUN Xing-feng, TIAN Fu-bo, HUANG Shao-qiang*, GENG Gui-qi
Department of Anesthesiology, the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
Objective: To assess the degree of labor pain at the time of intraspinal labor analgesia in women influencing the incidence of cesarean delivery. Methods: Five hundred and ninety patients were enrolled in the study and divided into 3 groups in the light of numeric rating scale (NRS). The woman was with singleton pregnancies, with cervical dilatation of less than 4 cm and vertex fetal presentations. Namely, L group:1-4;M group:5-7;H group:8-10, respectively. The EA procedure was performed at the lumbar spine between 2-3 or 3-4. We inserted a catheter into the epidural space started with 1.0% carbonated Lidocaine to make the volume 5 mL. After the block plane arising, injected a mixture of 0.1% Ropivacaine co-administered with 5 μg of Sufentanil to make the total volume 10 mL in all cases, and connected the patient controlled epidueal analgesia (PCEA) thirty minutes later. The CSEA procedure was started with an intrathecal standard mixture of 0.1% Ropivacaine co-administered with 3 μg of Sufentanil to make the total volume 3 mL in all cases, then connected the PCEA ninety minutes later. To observe and record the NRS score when analgesia was performed. The time of the first stage of labor, the time of the second stage of labor and the way of delivery were recorded in our study respectively. Results: There was no statistically significant differences among the three pain groups in the NRS score after 30 min, dilatation, duration of first stage of labor and duration of second stage of labor, respectively. There was no statistically significant differences among the three pain groups in the incidence of instrumental delivery and cesarean delivery. Conclusions: There is no effect of the degree of labor pain at the time of intraspinal labor analgesia in women on the incidence of cesarean delivery.
epidural, spinal; labor analgesia;incidence of cesarean delivery; cesarean section
2017-01-10 [接受日期] 2017-05-31
孫星峰,碩士,主治醫師. E-mail: xfsunok@126.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-33189900, E-mail: timrobbins71@163.com
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20170032
R 614.4+1
A