高麗虹,孫愛軍
(中國醫學科學院北京協和醫學院北京協和醫院婦產科,北京 100730)
·綜 述·
絕經激素補充治療和血脂代謝
高麗虹,孫愛軍*審校
(中國醫學科學院北京協和醫學院北京協和醫院婦產科,北京 100730)
女性到絕經后,心血管疾?。–VD)的發病率明顯上升,是絕經后婦女的主要死亡原因。血脂紊亂是CVD的獨立危險因素。圍絕經期和絕經后期血脂如何變化,絕經激素補充治療(MHT)對于血脂有何影響一直是研究的熱點和有爭議的問題,本文對此進行綜述。
絕經激素補充治療;總膽固醇;甘油三酯;高密度脂蛋白;低密度脂蛋白
心血管疾病(CVD)是人類最主要的致死原因[1],據估計,2010~2030年中國CVD發病率將再增加一半[2]。男女之間CVD發生規律有差異,女性在絕經前發生較少,危險性為男性的50%左右,絕經過渡期后發病率急劇上升,接近甚至超過同齡男性的發病率[1-3]。血脂改變作為CVD的獨立危險因素[4-6],在絕經后如何改變,MHT對血脂效應是否存在差異,目前仍存爭議,本文對此作一綜述。
LDL水平上升是動脈粥樣硬化發生和發展的必備因素,是CVD的主要危險因子[7]。降低 LDL水平,可顯著減少動脈粥樣硬化性CVD的發病率及死亡風險[8]。血清 TG 水平輕至中度升高者患CVD危險性增加[9]。HDL低于0.9 mmol/L是較為明確的CVD危險因素[10],如果HDL上升1%,CVD發生率將降低2~3%[11]。高TC和CVD發生呈正相關[12],高TC導致致死性CVD的HR為1.67(95%CI 1.18~2.38)[13]。近年來,Lp(a)被認為是一個可以確認和評估心血管風險的有用指標,它的升高和一年內CVD事件發生率增加有關,HR為3.1(95%CI 1.1~8.6)[7]。
和絕經前相比,女性圍絕經期和絕經后期多表現為血脂代謝紊亂。絕經后女性較絕經前相比,總TC上升14%,TG升高12%,LDL升高27%,HDL下降7%[14]。一項病例對照研究發現絕經后女性TC、LDL較絕經前上升(P<0.001),HDL較前下降(P<0.001),TG有所上升但沒有統計學差異(P=0.675)[15]。一項對絕經過渡期女性6年的隨訪研究發現,自然絕經組和未絕經女性相比,HDL明顯下降(P<0.01),LDL、TG明顯上升(P<0.05),TC沒有明顯變化[16]。日本的一項研究檢測了16 名健康圍絕經期女性在絕經前4年和絕經后3年血脂的變化,發現與絕經前4年基線相比,絕經后1年女性TC平均上升25 mg/dL(14%),LDL上升20 mg/dL(19%),而TG和HDL卻沒有變化[17]。綜上,大多數研究認為絕經后女性LDL升高,但是TC、TG、HDL變化卻存在差異。
有研究進一步根據女性不同絕經階段分組,研究各階段血脂的變化規律。一項長達7年(平均3.9年)的多中心研究發現,在圍絕經期晚期和絕經后早期,TC、LDL、TG和Lp(a)上升,在圍絕經期早期這些指標變化不大,而HDL在圍絕經期晚期卻有所上升[18]。2016年北京地區一項研究顯示,血脂最大的變化發生在絕經過渡期的早期和晚期兩個階段,TC、LDL、TG和TC/HDL比值在絕經過渡期早期最低,在絕經過渡期晚期最高。與絕經前比較,這些脂質、脂蛋白和TC/HDL比值在絕經過渡期早期稍低(P>0.05)[19]。
SWAN研究觀察了FSH、E2水平和血脂的關系,結果發現,高E2水平組的TC、LDL和TG最低,同時HDL在高E2水平組表現最高值,E2水平和Lp(a)無明顯相關性。而在FSH四分位距分組間,血脂呈現了和E2相反的關系,即在高FSH組TC、LDL、TG表現為最高,但是,HDL在高FSH組也為最高,Lp(a)和FSH呈正相關[18]。Chu等對有正常月經周期的健康女性進行了FSH和血脂變化的研究,結果發現FSH≥7 IU/L組較FSH<7 IU/L組TC、LDL更高(P=0.009,0.019),HDL和TG兩組間沒有統計學差異[20]。以上證據提示絕經后血脂的改變,不是單一E2作用的結果,可能和多種激素改變相關,FSH的作用似乎優先于E2下降的作用。
Godsland匯總分析了1974~2000年發表的248個不同MHT方案對血脂影響的前瞻性研究結果,發現單用雌激素方案升高了HDL,降低了LDL和TC,但是添加孕激素后會影響或削弱這一有利作用,影響程度從小到大依次為地屈孕酮、美屈孕酮、黃體酮、醋酸環丙孕酮、醋酸甲羥孕酮、經皮醋酸炔諾酮、甲基炔諾酮、口服醋酸炔諾酮,而替勃龍卻顯示了HDL和TG的下降[21]。希臘的一項研究對比了倍美力(CEE)組(0.625 mg/d)、倍美力+安宮黃體酮(CEE/MPA)組(CEE 0.625 mg/d + MPA 5mg/d)、17β雌二醇+醋酸炔諾酮(17β-E2/NETA)組(17β-E22mg/d+NETA 1mg/d)、替勃龍(Tibolone)組(2.5 mg/d)以及雷諾昔芬(Raloxifene)組(60 mg/d)對于血脂代謝的影響,發現各個組TC較基線都有所降低;LDL在CEE、CEE/MPA以及Raloxifene組顯著降低(-11.2%,-11.9%,-11.0%);TG在CEE、CEE/MPA組顯著升高(23.7%,21.8%),在17β-E2/NETA組沒有影響,在Tibolone組TG下降20.6%;HDL在CEE、CEE/MPA組分別上升7.4%和11.8%,在Tibolon組下降13.6%;除了Raloxifene組外,Lp(a)在其余各組均降低[22]。近期的一篇薈萃分析提示,和安慰劑相比,MHT后Lp(a)平均下降20.35%(95%CI-25.33%~15.37%,P<0.0001),但使用替勃龍后卻沒有發現顯著性差異(95% CI -63.43%~15.74%,P=0.238)[23]。綜上,不同方案MHT對于血脂影響不盡相同,高LDL的女性似乎更能從雌激素/雌孕激素方案中獲益,高TG血癥的女性使用替勃龍可能對心血管系統更有利。方案的選擇需要根據患者個人意愿、血脂情況、有無子宮、有無月經需求以及孕激素的安全性等綜合判斷。
近年來,在MHT臨床實踐中,我們強調一個重要概念—最低有效劑量,并提出低劑量、極低劑量激素補充方案。以0.625 mg倍美力為標準劑量,0.3 mg或相當于0.3 mg倍美力(0.5 mg微粒化雌二醇或者25 ug經皮雌激素)被認為是低劑量,低劑量的一半被稱為極低劑量[24]。研究提示,低劑量MHT能減少65%圍絕經期潮熱反應,是安慰劑緩解率的一倍[25],同時也能減少骨量流失,而且心血管系統風險更低,但也存在爭議。Terauchi等比較了不同劑量MHT后血脂的變化,結果發現0.5 mg和1 mg微?;贫迹╩E2)治療8周后mE2(1 mg)組LDL降低,TC、HDL和TG沒有變化,而mE2(0.5 mg)組血脂之間沒有差異;mE2(1 mg)配伍10 ug,20 ug或40 μg左炔諾孕酮(LNG)治療24周后,發現不論哪個LNG劑量,TC和LDL都有所下降,TG在20 ug、40 μg LNG組下降,HDL在高LNG組中有所下降[26]。一項單中心、前瞻性、隨機對照研究比較了低劑量和標準劑量雌激素聯合不同孕激素使用12月后對絕經后女性代謝綜合征的影響,結果表明,標準劑量組HDL和載脂蛋白A較基線上升(P<0.05),LDL有顯著性下降(P<0.05),標準劑量雌激素聯合地屈孕酮組TG較前增高(P=0.026),各組對TC、脂蛋白A、脂蛋白B均沒有影響,認為低劑量雌激素不足以產生如標準劑量組的血脂有利影響[27]。綜上,現有證據不足以提示低劑量或極低劑量雌孕激素方案對于血脂更為友善。
一項研究隨機給予50名有代謝綜合征的絕經后女性口服雌激素(oE2)或經皮雌激素(tE2)治療,3月后發現,oE2組HDL升高更明顯[28]。140例切除子宮的絕經后女性使用替勃龍或tE2后3月發現,替勃龍組TG下降22.6%,HDL下降9.3%,tE2組TG下降10.9%,HDL上升3.6%[29]。一項針對絕經后切除子宮女性的多中心、隨機、對照、雙盲研究提示,tE2和oE2組TC下降(tE2,-4.7%,oE2,-6.9%),LDL也下降(tE2,-5.8%,oE2,-12.6%),HDL和TG沒有顯著性變化,Lp(a)在oE2組下降6.6%[30]。Anagnostis研究認為與tE2相比,oE2組Lp(a)下降更快[23]。
絕經后血脂發生較大改變,規律仍存在爭議,但是血脂變化最大的時機是在絕經過渡期早期和晚期,這也為MHT適時介入改善血脂提供了理由。MHT對血脂也呈現不同的改變規律,但是各種不同方案有一個共同點,會產生LDL的下降,其余血脂代謝指標變化并不一致。低劑量MHT并不一定對血脂更有利,口服雌激素較經皮雌激素在血脂方面可能更友善,替勃龍會導致HDL的下降??傊琈HT的激素種類、劑型、途徑較多,究竟何種雌激素與孕激素,以何種劑量,何種途徑對絕經后婦女血脂產生最大的正性影響以及改善血脂的作用機制,是以后關注的焦點。
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Postmenopausal hormone supplementation and blood lipid metabolism
GAO Li-hong,SUN Ai-jun*
(Department of gynaecology and obstetrics and Gynecology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Beijing Academy of Medical Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100730,China)
The incidence of cardiovascular disease(CVD)increased significantly after menopause which is the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women. Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. The change of the blood lipids in perimenopause and postmenopause and the effects of MHT on lipid profile are reviewed in this article.
Menopausal hormone replacement therapy(MHT); Total cholesterol(TC); Triglyceride(TG); High density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL); Low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL)
R977
A
ISSN.2095-8803.2017.22.9.03
高麗虹,女,漢族,浙江湖州人,嘉興市婦幼保健院主治醫師,現北京協和醫院博士在讀,婦科內分泌專業,Tel:13967398185
孫愛軍,北京協和醫院,E-mail:18686735@qq.com
國家“十二五”科學技術支撐計劃課題 No.2014BAI10B10國家自然科學基金 No.11471024
本文編輯:劉帥帥