the Truth

劉剛義

Part One

語法學家薄冰在其著作中這樣表述“亦可用有限動詞表持續。在當代英語里，有些有限動詞已沖破了上述規則，在某種情況下也可以與since（自從）或for（經歷）引導的詞語連用表“持續性””。看他的兩個例句：

1.The two leaders have met for two hours.

這兩位領導人會晤了兩個小時。

2.He has visited China for three days.

他在中國進行了三天訪問。

薄冰在著作中接著表述“但要注意介詞for有時并不表“經歷”，而是表“目的”。如：

（11）Ive come only for a few moments.

我來只能待幾分鐘。

（12）Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months.

查理去加拿大了，要去六個月。”

大家注意薄冰把有限動詞表持續列在第一位，而將表目的列在第二位；按照這種觀點，牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第七版的翻譯沒有問題。看牛津詞典的例句及翻譯（詞條go的第六釋義中的例句及其翻譯；短語go away的第二釋義中的例句及其翻譯）：

3.Richard has gone on leave for two weeks.理查德休假兩周了。

4.Theyve gone away for a few days.他們已外出幾天了。

而現實情況果真如薄冰所言，for主要用來表持續嗎？通過在谷歌搜尋，發現for表持續的情況幾乎沒有，反而搜到四例for表目的的。可見薄冰的觀點已經過時或本來就是錯誤的，現在語言情況如其著作中表述正好相反。請看網上搜到的范例：

第一例

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· EN：he has gone to Africa for two weeks

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2012-04-10，16：40 #1

katzaiiz

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Hello，

I learnt the difference between "have been" and "have gone" and the difference of meaning of "for" if I use the preterit or the present perfect.

But the sentence "he has gone to Africa for two weeks" means that he left for Africa 2 weeks ago or that he has gone to Africa for a 2-weeks trip？？ and if it is the first or to express the second？

I hope I made myself understandable.

Thanks for your help.

Karine

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2012-04-10，17：01 #2

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Hello，

Yes，you have made yourself understandable.It means the second：he has gone to Africa for a two-week visit.

If I had been taught 'rules' about everything I mightsay，I would have had no time to actually say anything.

第二例

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Boyfriend has gone away for 4 months？

My boyfriend left for South America two days ago to go travelling.I spoke to him before he got on the plane，and for a few minutes on Facebook after arriving at his hostel，but I can't stop feeling sad.Every time I talk to him I end up crying.I know I have four months of this left and I hate it.He'll be back for 2 weeks in May，then off for a month then I'll be with him to travel round South East Asia for 3 months.How can I make myself just get on with my life？ I hate feeling like I'm so pathetic.

· 2 years ago

第三例

The petition had gone on paternity leave for 15 days as per the provisions on January 3 this and joined duty on January 18 on conclusion of it.However，when he got his salary for January he found that his leave had been rejected and salary deducted for the leave period....

（http：//beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article13948.ece）

第四例

My girlfriend has gone away for over 3 months？

Me and my girlfriend are very close.We always spend every night together and were never apart for more then 2 days in whole 2 years of our relationship.I love her very much and i know she loves me.However，a week ago she move abroad for 14 weeks as part of her university course....

（http：//uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index？qid=20100124032857AAIrwwa）

牛津詞典第七版是較新版本，理所當然反映最新語言特點。由此可以斷定，牛津詞典第七版的中方翻譯人員的翻譯是錯誤的，正確翻譯應為：

5.Richard has gone on leave for two weeks.理查德休假了，要去兩周。

6.Theyve gone away for a few days.他們外出了，要去幾天。

Part Two

朗文當代英語辭典第四版在m1第四條a）的解釋如下：only a little or hardly at all，并給出第一個例句：‘Did you enjoy it？‘No，not much.a little大家中學就知道是肯定語氣，即使加上副詞only仍然不能改變這種語氣；or的作用之一是引出解釋性詞語，即hardly at all是對前者的解釋，而它的語氣是否定的。可以看出or的前后兩者語氣是矛盾的。再把only a little替換到辭典的例句中：‘Did you enjoy it？‘No，only a little.no和only a little在邏輯上是講不通的，在語氣上也是矛盾的。由此可見，辭典第四版中的only a little的a必須去掉才對。

Part Three

翻遍中國大陸所有英漢詞典，包括高中和大學英語教材，只有牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第四版將invade第一含義解釋為“武裝進入（一國或一領地）”，其余一律將invasion、invade 解釋為“入侵、侵略”。事實果真如此嗎？請看商德福在其著作《歐美廣播電視新聞英語》中的兩則新聞：

1.With the administration sharply countering the critics of its war policies，Vice President Dick Cheney on Monday is to deliver another speech defending the decision to invade Iraq in March 2003.（ABC）

2.Condoleezza Rice was a chief architect of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq as White House national security adviser during President Bushs first term and she accompanied Bush on his own surprise visit to Iraq on Thanksgiving Day 2003.（USA TODAY）

ABC 和 USA TODAY 都是美國媒體，其新聞中的invade、invasion 可能是“入侵、侵略”嗎？

英國學者Anthony Ward 在全新版大學英語第四冊第一單元text B中十處使用invasion、invade來描述有史以來規模最大、最具雄心的正義軍事行動諾曼底登陸，此時它們是“入侵、侵略”嗎？

再看自由的百科全書“維基百科”英文版中對invasion的定義原文（下劃線和黑體為作者所加）

Definition[edit source]

The term invasion usually denotes a strategic endeavor of substantial magnitude；because the goals of an invasion are usually large-scale and long-term，a sizeable force is needed to hold territory，and protect the interests of the invading entity.Smaller-scale，tactical cross-border actions，such as skirmishes，sorties，raids，infiltrations or guerrilla warfare，are not generally considered invasions.A military endeavor to take back territory that is tenuously held by an initial invader during the course of war is instead generally called a counter-offensive.

Military operations that occur within the territory of a single geopolitical entity are sometimes termed "invasions" if armed forces enter into a well defined part of that territory that，at the time of the operation，was completely under the control of armed forces of another faction in a civil war or insurrection.For example，many such operations of both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War are called invasions even though they did not involve entry of armies from foreign nations.

The term does not imply the presence or lack of justification for the action，and the morality or immorality of a military operation does not determine whether it is so termed.For example，two sets of World War II military operations—by Germans against Poland in 1939 and by Allies against Nazi controlled France in 1944—are often called the Invasion of Poland and Invasion of Normandy，respectively.Both military operations are properly called invasions because they involved an outside force entering territory not under its authority or control at the time.

由此可見，invasion、invade正確的理解應該是“武裝進入（一國或一領地）”，根據上下文可以翻譯為 “進攻、攻占、登陸等”。希望中國大陸的讀者朋友切記切記！