大麥種子萌發期抗旱性鑒定指標的篩選及抗旱性評價

鞠樂，齊軍倉，賀雪，王丹，侯忠慶，付強，熊顯鵬

(1. 石河子大學農學院，新疆石河子 832003；2. 南陽市農業科學院，河南南陽 473000)

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大麥種子萌發期抗旱性鑒定指標的篩選及抗旱性評價

鞠樂1, 2，齊軍倉1，賀雪1，王丹1，侯忠慶1，付強1，熊顯鵬1

(1. 石河子大學農學院，新疆石河子 832003；2. 南陽市農業科學院，河南南陽 473000)

【目的】研究大麥種子萌發期形態指標與抗旱性的關系，構建抗旱性評價方法。【方法】采用20%PEG8000模擬干旱脅迫，測定其9項形態指標。采用相關性分析及因子分析等篩選大麥種子萌發期抗旱性鑒定指標，并運用隸屬函數法對101份大麥材料進行抗旱性綜合評價。【結果】這9項形態指標與抗旱性均呈顯著的相關關系。【結論】發芽勢、發芽率、胚根長、胚芽長、胚芽鞘長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、根冠比、物質轉運速率等指標均可作為大麥種子萌發期重要的抗旱性鑒定指標。采用隸屬函數法篩選出Z027S078T、新引D7為抗旱性極強的材料；墾啤6號、貝賴勒斯為抗旱性極弱的材料。

大麥；萌發期；抗旱性評價

0 引 言

【研究意義】隨著全球氣候變化，干旱已成為制約作物生長發育主要因子，由旱災所造成的損失對社會生活及經濟發展產生不可估量的影響，選育抗旱品種已成了全世界關注的問題。在我國北方地區，大多種植在沒有灌溉條件的雨養農業區，往往由于播種后土壤墑情不足而影響出苗，進而限制了產量的提高。而植物整個生活史中，種子萌發期對水分最為敏感又是最為脆弱的階段，若能度過此階段，植物的抗逆能力和對環境適應力將會大大提高[1-4]。【前人研究進展】作物抗旱性隨著生育期變化而有所差異[5]，種子是重要繁殖材料，萌發階段抗旱性在某種程度可以反映該種子的抗旱程度[6]。種子萌發初期依靠吸脹作用吸收水分，隨后主要是胚根從外界吸收水分及礦物質，進行物質交換，發達根系對促進作物苗期抗旱能力非常有利，所以逆境下植物根系生長情況在一定程度上可以反映出作物抗逆性[7]，幼苗高度及根長在某種程度上也可以衡量幼苗的發育狀況。Bouslama M.[8]1983年曾提出可以用種子發芽勢、發芽率及萌發指數作為滲透脅迫下的種子萌發指標。張霞等[9]提出種子萌發期抗旱性評價方法。【本研究切入點】大麥是公認抗逆性較強的作物之一[10-13]，雖然對于小麥[14-16]、玉米[17-18]、水稻[19]、油菜[20]、裸燕麥[21]、偃麥草[22]等作物種子萌發期抗旱性做出很多研究，但關于大麥種子萌發期抗旱性的研究相對較少。研究大麥種子萌發期形態指標與抗旱性的關系。【擬解決的關鍵問題】通過20%PEG8000模擬干旱脅迫對101份大麥材料進行干旱處理，對其形態指標進行測定分析，研究這些指標與抗旱性的關系，采用因子分析篩選種子萌發期大麥抗旱性鑒定指標，以構建大麥種子萌發期抗旱性評價的方法體系。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材 料

101份大麥材料在石河子大學試驗站進行田間抗旱性鑒定，根據株高篩選。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1 試驗設計

采用20%PEG8000作為脅迫處理溶液模擬干旱脅迫，進行發芽試驗，重復3次，發芽試驗參照鞠樂等[23](2013)試驗方法。

1.2.2 指標測定

發芽勢(germination potential，GP)、發芽率(germination rate，GR)、最大胚根長(radicle length，RL)、胚芽長(germ length，GL)、胚芽鞘長(germ scabbard length，GSL)、幼苗干重(seedling dry weight，SDW)、胚根干重(radicle dry weight，RDW)、胚芽干重(germ dry weight，GDW)等指標測量方法以及根冠比(root-shoot ratio，RSR)、物質轉運速率(material transfer rate，MTR)、抗旱系數等計算方法均參照鞠樂等[23](2013)。

1.3 數據統計

采用DPSv7.05版軟件對各指標進行相關性分析、因子分析，并采用隸屬函數法對101份大麥材料進行抗旱性評價。

2 結果與分析

2.1 篩選抗性鑒定指標

2.1.1 各形態指標間相關性

在大麥種子萌發期測定干旱脅迫處理下和對照條件下各形態指標，為降低大麥材料間的遺傳背景差異，試驗采取抗旱系數進行數據處理，并對各形態指標進行相關性分析。這9項形態指標間均存在顯著或極顯著的相關性。表1

表1 各形態指標間相關性數列矩陣
Table 1 The correlation series matrix between the morphological index

相關系數Correlationcoefficient發芽勢GP發芽率GR最大胚根長RL胚芽長GL胚芽鞘長GSL胚根干重RDW胚芽干重GDW根冠比RSR物質轉運速率MTRGP100059??027??031??028??027??037??-010034??GR059??100023?030??027??042??031??012038??RL027??023?100061??064??068??053??021?065??GL031??030??061??100073??056??077??-020?076??GSL028??027??064??073??100044??057??-014056??RDW027??042??068??056??044??100060??047??083??GDW037??031??053??077??057??060??100-032??085??RSR-010012021?-020?-014047??-032??100005MTR034??038??065??076??056??083??085??005100

2.1.2 因子分析

研究表明，以0.9作為主因子的特征值累積比例的臨界值，從表2可以看出主因子數M=5，這時5個主因子所包含的信息量占總體信息量的93.75%，幾乎含蓋了全部信息量，相應得到的因子載荷矩陣(方差極大正交旋轉結果)。

因子1是由胚芽長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、物質轉運速率所決定；因子2由根冠比決定；因子3由發芽勢決定；因子4由胚根長決定；因子5由發芽率決定。對這5個主成分進行相關結構分析，對各指標的方差貢獻率分別為GP(97.76%)、GR(96.82%)、RL(88.71%)、GL (85.46%)、GSL (93.33%)、RDW (95.51%)、GDW (95.20%)、RSR (95.87%)、(95.08%)。因這5個主成分對各指標的方差貢獻率均高于85%，可以推測發芽勢、發芽率、胚根長、胚芽長、胚芽鞘長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、根冠比、物質轉運速率等均可作為大麥種子萌發期重要的抗旱性鑒定指標。根據各主因子所包含信息量情況，可將胚芽長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、物質轉運速率等劃為抗旱性主要鑒定指標；根冠比、發芽勢、胚根長、發芽率等為重要指標。表2，表3

表2 因子分析特征值
Table 2 Characteristic value of factor analysis

No特征值Eigenvalue百分率Variancecontribution(%)累計百分率Accumulativevariancecontribution(%)1465615173475173472151031678156851623121861353958205574063117011789067450421546828937502602397266309641327018922102498515580070207797992953900634070471000000

2.2 抗旱性評價

2.2.1 隸屬函數法綜合評價

作物抗旱性不僅是由多種基因共同控制的復雜的綜合性狀，又是在生存環境中受各種因素影響。研究通常會對各指標進行綜合分析，來作為判斷作物抗旱性強弱的依據。試驗采用模糊隸屬函數法對101份大麥材料抗旱性綜合評價，同時賦予不同指標權重，101份大麥材料不同指標的抗旱系數及加權平均隸屬函數值按大小順序排列。表4

根據下列標準分抗旱級別(Drought resistance level，DRL)：

1級-極強，隸屬函數值在0.8以上；

2級-強，隸屬函數值在0.6～0.8；

3級-中等，隸屬函數值在0.4～0.6；

4級-弱，隸屬函數值在0.2～0.4；

5級-極弱，隸屬函數值在0.2以下。

研究表明，篩選到2個抗旱性極強的品種(Z027S078T和新引D7)、7個抗旱性強的品種(新引D9、新啤2號、新啤1號、P09-9、吉啤2號、Z182U038V和Poland)、41個中等抗旱性品種、49個抗旱性弱的品種及2個抗旱性極弱的品種(墾啤6號、貝賴勒斯)。表4

表3 因子載荷矩陣
Table 3 The matrix of factor loading

因子1因子2因子3因子4因子5X101626-00674091300119703141X20193201210032790103708933X304388036730251706926-01287X406644-01647005220599001564X502888-00952004810901401612X60731905601009890251001814X708794-02541016710279200904X8-0074309691-00732-0053700768X90901901332013230289801352

注：X1-發芽勢；X2-發芽率；X3-胚根長；X4-胚芽長；X5-胚芽鞘長；X6-胚根干重；X7-胚芽干重；X8-根冠比；X9-物質轉運速率

Note:X1 - germination potential;X2 - germination percentage,X3 - radicle length;X4 - germ length;X5 - germ scabbard length;X6 - radicle dry weight;X7 - plumule dry weight;X8 - root-shoot ratio;X9 - material transfer rate

表4 101份大麥材料各指標抗旱系數的加權隸屬函數值
Table 4 The weighted membership function of drought resistance coefficient of 101 barley material

材料名稱加權隸屬函數值材料名稱加權隸屬函數值材料名稱加權隸屬函數值Z027S078T0．8558新引D504322甘啤2號03551新引D708214甘啤3號04317豫大麥2號03515新引D907713塔城二棱04233XANAOU03511新啤2號07621Fornualu04209Q/D00603496新啤1號07242XANADU0420391-24303478P09-906863冀農065604189PRESTIGE03463吉啤2號06530Abee04164Bank03460Z182U038V06468SumDson04161Sampson03410Poland06017Z090M060M04149Tevcel03407CONRAD05813PAINE04137蘇鑒4403370Baronesse05640Empress041132007C/11103336Crystal05503Z039P046Q04093SD96-403264Tremois05399Klages04058P10-103256CDCKendall05244蘇啤4號04052Jeresey03253CDCUnity05197CEYLOW04048Barke03218MERIT05166Stirling04026蒙黑二棱03148來色衣04940Seebe03968Alexis03078HARRINGTON04914Cork03953CDCRinty03037Z109M050M04912韭奇10號03896NEVADA02944GRAPHIC04895Z028S039T03869西安91-202939石引2號04862Madras03863駐大麥3號02927TRADITION04808Morrison03858甘木二棱02844C-704799CDCStratus03844CDCThompson02799CDCManley04792Z040S010T03844法瓦維特02755SD97-504665Z180U055V03829Logan02666JevseH04622甘啤4號03807EF(98)-202664C-1304599Phoenix03784紅引1號02554Bonous04569Stein03773P11-602415蘇鑒2004516矮桿早03672Steffi02392Cima04397Sullane03668墾啤5號02212CDCFleet04370COLLINS03649甘啤7號02026Z037P017Q-104364京啤1號03619墾啤6號01795蘇鑒2104348Q/D00503576貝賴勒斯01758紅日啤2號04347矮早三03559

3 討 論

抗旱性鑒定指標通常分為產量、形態及生理生化指標3類。種子萌發期，種子發芽率、發芽勢、發芽指數、活力指數反映植物種子發芽速度、發芽整齊度和幼苗健壯度的趨勢，常作為評價種子發芽的指標。試驗結果表明，這9項形態指標均可作為大麥種子萌發期重要的抗旱性鑒定指標，這與曹俊梅[24]、張玉梅等[25]研究結果基本一致。根據各主因子所包含信息量情況，可將這9項指標劃分為二個層次，與張霞等[9]提出的抗旱性評價體系具有類同之處。

作物抗旱性是由多因素協同作用而形成的復雜性狀，并在生境中受各種因素的影響。鑒于作物抗旱機理的復雜性，至今仍沒有發現哪一性狀可以單獨作為作物抗旱性鑒定指標，并且各抗旱性鑒定指標對作物抗旱性的貢獻率不同，因此，通常采用對各指標進行綜合分析，作為判斷作物抗旱性強弱的依據。關于作物抗旱性評價方法，如抗旱系數法[26]、聚類分析法[27]、五級評分法[28]、隸屬函數法[29]等被廣泛應用于植物抗旱性研究中。各種評價方法各有利弊，目前仍無統一規范，而模糊隸屬函數法因其在進行作物抗旱性評價時快速又合理，同時還可以避免單一指標的片面性，而深受廣大研究者的青睞。試驗運用隸屬函數法篩選出2個抗旱性極強的材料(Z027S078T、新引D7)；抗旱性極弱的材料(墾啤6號、貝賴勒斯)。作物抗旱性評價是一個復雜的問題仍需進一步研究，今后應對大麥不同生育期的抗旱性做出深層次系統的研究。

4 結 論

4.1 發芽勢、發芽率、胚根長、胚芽長、胚芽鞘長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、根冠比、物質轉運速率等均可作為大麥種子萌發期重要的抗旱性鑒定指標。可將胚芽長、胚根干重、胚芽干重、物質轉運速率可劃為抗旱性主要鑒定指標；根冠比、發芽勢、胚根長、發芽率為重要指標。

4.2 運用隸屬函數法篩選出Z027S078T、新引D7、新引D9、新啤2號、新啤1號、P09-9、吉啤2號、Z182U038V、Poland等9個抗旱性強的大麥材料，其中Z027S078T及新引D7為抗旱性極強的材料；墾啤6號、貝賴勒斯這2個抗旱性極弱的材料。

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Fund project:The earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-05); Science and technology research and development program of Shihezi University "special plan for animal and plant breeding "(gxjs2015-yz02)

Screening Drought Resistance Identification Index and Drought Resistance Evaluation in Barley during Seed Germination Period

JU Le1, 2, QI Jun-cang1, HE Xue1, WANG Dan1, HOU Zhong-qing1, FU Qiang1, XIONG Xian-peng1

(1.College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi Xinjiang 832003, China；2.NanyangAcademyofAgriculturalScience，NanyangHenan473000,China)

【Objective】 To study the relationship between morphological indexes and drought resistance during seed germination in barley is to build drought resistance evaluation method.【Method】In the experiment, the nine morphological indexes of barley treated by 20% (W/V) PEG8000 solution as drought stress treatment were determined. The drought resistance identification indexes of barley during seed germination were screened by correlation analysis and factor analysis and the drought resistances of 101 barley cultivars were evaluated by the method of membership function.【Result】There were significant relationships between the 9 morphological indexes and drought resistance of barley during seed germination.【Conclusion】The 9 indexes can be regarded as drought resistance identification index of barley during seed germination. Z027S078T and Xinyin D7 were screened as high drought resistance cultivars, while Ganpi 6 and Beilaileisi were screened as drought sensitive cultivars by the method of membership function.

barley (HordeumvulgareL.); germination period; drought resistance evaluation

10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.11.006

2016-05-04

現代農業產業技術體系建設專項資金資助(CARS-05)；石河子大學科學技術研究發展計劃“動植物育種專項計劃”(gxjs2015-yz02)

鞠樂(1987-)，女，河南鄧州人，碩士，研究方向為大麥、棉花、谷子遺傳育種與栽培，(E-mail)695112004@qq.com

齊軍倉(1971-)，男，陜西寶雞人，教授，博士生導師，研究方向為大麥遺傳育種與栽培，(E-mail)shzqjc@qq.com

S512.3

A

1001-4330(2016)11-2008-07