陳乃葆 張 巖,2▲ 朱苗苗 田雪丹
1.濰坊醫學院麻醉學系,山東濰坊261000;2.濰坊醫學院附屬醫院麻醉科,山東濰坊261000
氫嗎啡酮應用于婦科腹腔鏡手術超前鎮痛的效果
陳乃葆1張巖1,2▲朱苗苗1田雪丹1
1.濰坊醫學院麻醉學系,山東濰坊261000;2.濰坊醫學院附屬醫院麻醉科,山東濰坊261000
目的探討靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮用于婦科腹腔鏡手術超前鎮痛中的效果及其不良反應發生情況。方法選擇我院擇期行婦科腹腔鏡手術的60例患者(ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級),隨機分為H組和C組,各30例。C組在縫皮前不予任何鎮痛藥,H組縫皮前15 min靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮0.01 mg/kg。兩組患者分別于術后1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)采集VAS、BCS評分,當患者的VAS評分為10分,BCS評分為0級時,以哌替啶50 mg肌注鎮痛,并記錄術后初次使用哌替啶的時間及使用次數、例數,隨訪記錄不良反應的發生率。結果H組術后T2、T3時點的VAS評分明顯低于C組,而BCS評分明顯高于C組(P<0.05);H組術后使用哌替啶例數及次數低于C組,哌替啶的初次使用時間長于C組(P<0.05);H組和C組咽喉疼痛發生率分別為6.7%和53.3%(P<0.05);兩組的不良反應中頭昏嗜睡和惡心嘔吐的比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論氫嗎啡酮用于婦科腹腔鏡手術的超前鎮痛,對術后切口疼有顯著鎮痛效果,且可減少術后靜脈鎮痛藥用量,減少不良反應的發生,患者術后蘇醒安全迅速。
氫嗎啡酮;超前鎮痛;婦科;腹腔鏡
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect and safety of preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery through intravenous injection.Methods 60 female adult patients(ASAⅠorⅡ)who underwent the gynaecological laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided into two groups(30 cases of each group):hydromorphone group(group H)and placebo group(group C).Patients in group C were not given any analgesics before suture.Patients in group H were given 0.01 mg/kg hydromorphone through intravenous injection before suture,the interval was 15 minutes. After operation,the pain of incision was assessed by VAS and BCS scores at 1 h(T1),4 h(T2)and 8 h(T3)respectively. When the VAS scores reached 10 and the BCS score was 0,patients were given intramuscular administration of 50 mg meperidine to relieve the pain.The time used and intervals of meperidine,the cases of using meperidine,and the incidence of sore throat in patients were recorded.Results The VAS scores of patients at T2and T3after operation in group H were significantly lower than that of group C,while the BCS scores were higher than that of group C(P<0.05);The times of using meperidine,and the cases of using meperidine in group H were lower than those in group C,the initial use time of meperidine of group H was longer than that of group C(P<0.05).The incidence of sore throat was lower in group H than that of group C(6.7%vs 53.3%)(P<0.05),while there were no differences between the two groups in the incidence of vomiting and nausea(P>0.05).Conclusion Preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone can lighten the postoperative pain effectively,it can also reduce the usage of analgesics and adverse reactions,and has the advantages of safety and promote a faster recovery.
[Key words]Hydromorphone;Preemptive analgesia;Gynecology;Laparoscopy
氫嗎啡酮作為一種強效阿片類鎮痛藥,在臨床上已經開始廣泛應用[1]。作為一種半合成阿片類藥物,氫嗎啡酮主要激動中樞神經系統μ-阿片受體發揮鎮痛作用。氫嗎啡酮因其在化學結構上的變化使其在鎮痛作用、理化性質等方面均優于嗎啡[2]。本研究擬采用氫嗎啡酮靜脈注射用于婦科腹腔鏡手術的超前鎮痛,并觀察其術后鎮痛效果及不良反應發生情況,為其在臨床應用提供參考。現報道如下。
1.1一般資料
選擇2015年11月~2016年3月在我院擇期行婦科腔鏡手術的60例患者(ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級),排除患有嚴重心、肝、腎疾病及其他系統疾病者。將患者隨機分為氫嗎啡酮組(H組)和對照組(C組),各30例。術前告知視覺模擬評分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)和舒適度評分(bruggrmann comfort scale,BCS)的評分方法[3]。本研究經院倫理委員會同意,患者知情并簽署知情同意書。兩組一般資料的比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組一般資料比較[(±s)]

表1 兩組一般資料比較[(±s)]
組別n年齡(歲)身高(cm)體重(kg)BMI(kg/m2)C組30 H組30 t值P 40.67±5.77 39.97±6.72 0.431>0.05 162.43±6.91 163.23±5.62 0.582>0.05 59.63±5.36 58.97±4.92 0.237>0.05 22.61±1.64 22.13±1.48 0.145>0.05
1.2方法
患者入室開放靜脈通道,常規監測生命體征,行氣管插管全身麻醉。手術結束前15 min,H組患者靜注0.01 mg/kg氫嗎啡酮(宜昌人福藥業生產,產品批號:1150401),C組不給予任何鎮痛藥物,當患者VAS評分為10分,BCS為0級時,予哌替啶50 mg肌注鎮痛。
1.3觀察指標
術中監測患者血氧飽和度、心率、血壓、心電圖。術后1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)進行隨訪,進行疼痛評分及舒適度評分,分別依據VAS評分法[4]和BCS評分標準。記錄術后初次使用哌替啶的時間及使用例數、次數。記錄不良反應的發生率。
1.4統計學方法
采用SPSS18.0軟件進行數據的統計分析,計數資料以[n(%)]表示,行χ2檢驗;計量資料以(x±s)表示,比較行t檢驗及方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1兩組患者術后各時點VAS評分、BCS評分比較
H組患者術后T2、T3時點的VAS評分明顯低于C組(P<0.05),BCS評分明顯高于C組(P<0.05),見表2、3。
表2 兩組患者術后各時點VAS評分(±s,分)

表2 兩組患者術后各時點VAS評分(±s,分)
組別n T1T2T3C組H組t值P 30 30 1.00±0.79 0.17±0.38 1.264>0.05 5.57±0.73 1.47±0.51 6.438<0.05 7.03±0.81 3.93±1.11 6.015<0.05
表3 兩組患者術后各時點BCS評分(±s,分)

表3 兩組患者術后各時點BCS評分(±s,分)
組別n T1T2T3C組H組t值P 30 30 3.47±0.51 3.70±0.47 0.965>0.05 1.47±0.51 2.70±0.47 4.667<0.05 0.47±0.51 1.40±0.77 4.153<0.05
2.2兩組患者術后應用哌替啶的情況比較
術后H組初次使用哌替啶的時間長于C組,且使用哌替啶的例數及次數均少于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表4。

表4 兩組患者術后應用哌替啶的情況比較
2.3兩組患者不良反應發生情況比較
與H組2例(6.7%)相比,C組16例(53.3%)發生咽喉疼痛,組間差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);H組頭昏嗜睡與惡心嘔吐的發生率高于C組,但組間差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);試驗過程兩組患者均未發現呼吸抑制,見表5。

表5 兩組患者不良反應發生情況比較n(%)
近年來學界在疼痛治療中提出了“超前鎮痛”這一概念,“超前鎮痛”主要通過抑制外周和中樞神經系統的敏感化來阻斷疼痛的產生,從而起到術后鎮痛的作用[5]。目前,婦科腹腔鏡手術因其創傷小而被廣泛應用于臨床,但患者術后仍存在疼痛刺激,對患者的住院時間及恢復有很大的影響。
氫嗎啡酮主要作用于阿片受體,其與傳統嗎啡的化學結構不同,其鎮痛作用是嗎啡的5~10倍。氫嗎啡酮與μ和δ受體的親和力高于嗎啡,氫嗎啡酮的鎮痛效果更顯著[6]。在術后鎮痛中氫嗎啡酮有著極其顯著的優勢,其不良反應與其他阿片藥物相比要少很多[7]。氫嗎啡酮的脂溶性是嗎啡的10倍,易穿透血腦屏障快速作用于中樞神經系統,生物利用率高[8]。相關研究顯示[9-12],與嗎啡相比靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮的成癮率低、不良反應少,且代謝產物無活性。
本研究采用手術結束前15 min靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮0.01 mg/kg,結果在術后T2、T3時點H組患者的疼痛VAS評分明顯低于C組,BCS評分明顯高于C組,表明氫嗎啡酮對腹腔鏡手術術后切口性疼痛鎮痛效果明顯。術后H組患者初次使用哌替啶的時間相對于C組延長,且使用哌替啶的例數及次數均低于C組患者,差異有統計學意義,并且H組T2、T3時點VAS評分明顯低于C組(P<0.05)。但氫嗎啡酮靜脈注射的作用持續時間僅為2~3 h,由于給藥時間點的差異,作用時間有了顯著的差異,單從藥理學機制無法解釋這一現象,其可能與氫嗎啡酮超前鎮痛抑制了中樞和外周疼痛敏化,從而能使H組患者的痛閾維持在較高水平,不產生過激的疼痛反應,進而延長鎮痛作用時間有關[13],氫嗎啡酮的這一藥理學特性可以起到良好的蘇醒期鎮痛作用,彌補術中所用的麻醉性鎮痛藥物在蘇醒期的作用減弱或者消失后導致的不良后果[14]。
在不良反應發生率方面,相對于C組16例(53.3%),H組只有2例(6.7%)發生咽喉疼痛,兩組之間的差異有統計學意義;兩組患者頭昏嗜睡與惡心嘔吐發生率比較差異無統計學意義;兩組患者均未出現呼吸抑制。結果表明氫嗎啡酮不增加婦科腹腔鏡手術后惡心嘔吐的發生率,氫嗎啡酮超前鎮痛降低患者咽喉疼痛的發生率明顯低于C組,說明預注氫嗎啡酮超前鎮痛能有效降低術后相關不良反應的發生率[15]。
綜上所述,氫嗎啡酮超前鎮痛用于婦科腹腔鏡手術,對術后疼痛有顯著的鎮痛作用,可以減少術后鎮痛藥的使用和不良反應發生,且符合快速康復這一理念,值得臨床推廣應用。
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Preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery
CHEN Naibao1ZHANG Yan1,2ZHU Miaomiao1TIAN Xuedan1
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Weifang Medical University,Weifang261000,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University,Weifang261000,China
R614
B
1673-9701(2016)24-0135-03
2016-05-08)