重慶與清邁府：推動多重外交，促進全面合作

□ 文/黃志偉

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重慶與清邁府：推動多重外交，促進全面合作

□ 文/黃志偉

城市簡介

清邁府是泰國僅次于曼谷的第二大城市，它位于泰國北部，素有“北方玫瑰”之稱。清邁府建于公元1296年，歷史較悠久。其面積為20100平方公里，地形以山地為主，氣候宜人。截至2005年，全府人口約為1650000人。

清邁府的支柱產業為旅游業。其著名景點有素貼山雙龍寺、班達歪木雕村、茵他農國家公園等，清邁府每年都舉辦大量具有民族特色的民俗活動，如潑水節、水燈節、荔枝節和選美活動等，每年都吸引大批國內外游客前往觀光游覽。清邁府盛產美食，各種小吃數不勝數。清邁的菜系被稱為泰國北方菜，以辣聞名，多用咖喱、辣椒、生姜等辛辣調料。清邁府是泰北的文化中心。清邁大學是全市唯一的國立大學，也是泰國北部首屈一指的高等學府，于1964年1月由普密蓬國王殿下批準創建。清邁大學除為泰北學生提供高等教育機會外，也為國外學生提供優質的學習環境。

攝影/周路

清邁府與重慶市在旅游、美食與教育交流等領域有密切合作。2008年9月19日，重慶市與清邁府簽署了締結友好市府關系協議書。雙方將在平等互利的基礎上，開展多個領域的合作，促進共同繁榮與發展。2011年，重慶市在泰國成功舉辦了“重慶文化周”，很好地宣傳了中華文化，這也是重慶文化“走出去”的一個重要舉措。

外事知識

“留學外交”

“留學外交”是指由本國居民赴海外留學和本國政府接收海外留學生所引起的大規模民間交流以及受此影響的國家間外事互動。隨著人民生活水平的提高、公眾視野的開闊，其正成為一國民間外交的一個重要組成部分。

“留學外交”包括輸出與接收兩大維度。從輸出留學生來看，留學生主體龐大、分布廣泛，是留學對象國公民對留學生所屬國第一印象的直接來源，其相對國家政府外交更具直觀性，形象上更具親和力。從接收留學生來看，留學生學成歸國后較有可能成為社會精英并影響政府決策。其在留學對象國的學習生活經歷，將從感性上影響其在雙邊關系上的選擇傾向。其相對國家政府外交更為直接，更具感召力。

總而言之，“留學外交”通過公眾間的直接、廣泛交流實現國家間共識的建立。留學生這群特殊的“外交官”將成為國家間友好關系的助推器。

美食外交

美食外交是指國家利用其飲食文化，提升其文化品牌和國家美譽度，加深其與對象國的理解與認同，進而促進其與對象國的交流與合作。

美食外交與傳統飲食外交有所不同，傳統飲食外交通過豐富來訪人員的飲食體驗提升外交活動質量，進而提升雙邊關系，例如在正式外交餐飲活動（包括國家元首、外交大使來訪以及其他重要外交活動等）中精心配餐。美食外交聚焦更為廣闊的民眾，而非精英階層。它不是簡單的美食推廣，也不是簡單的公關活動，而是通過美食這一媒介加深彼此的文化理解。

本質上講，美食外交不是通過灌輸美食信息贏得對象國的好感，而是通過感官互動，建立模糊的情感聯系，進而產生深遠影響。這是一種更為隱蔽的外交手段，其往往能起到意想不到的效果。

外事案例

泰國留學生在重慶

2015年4月27日，首個“泰國文化教室”落戶重慶有關高校。一走進教室，就能感受到濃濃的泰國風情。教室的正前方墻壁上，懸掛著泰國國王和王后的合照。教室左邊墻上是一大幅泰國風景畫，畫中是曼谷、清邁、芭提雅等城市的標志性建筑。風景畫旁是一個展示柜，柜頂形似泰國建筑的標志—泰國民宅的防堆積雨水的屋頂，柜里擺放了許多來自泰國的小物件。這間充滿泰國風韻的“泰國文化教室”將成為泰國留學生的專用教室，它能讓泰國留學生在異國也有家的感覺。同時它也將是中國學生學習泰語和了解泰國文化的主要陣地。

此外，每年公歷4月13日到15日是泰國的“宋干節”，也叫“潑水節”。這是泰國最盛大的傳統節日，類似我國春節。重慶有關高校已連續10年舉辦了慶?！八胃晒潯毕盗谢顒?，這使泰國留學生在中國校園里也能解鄉愁?；顒悠陂g，泰國留學生和中國學生在一起歡度“潑水節”，歡慶傳統佳節的同時也增進了中泰學生間的友誼，讓中國學生更好地了解和感受泰國文化。今年活動期間，有關高校還舉行了泰國傳統“浴佛”儀式，以及“宋干先生”“宋干小姐”評選等活動。

泰國美食在重慶

2013年10月16日，泰國文化旅游商務中心（Team of Thailand）西南中心落戶重慶。重慶市民可在此購買到泰國原產、性價比高的泰國手工商品；身臨其境體驗在曼谷集市購物、吃泰式小吃的樂趣；在泰國餐飲美食廣場，重慶市民可體驗價格親民但卻口味地道的泰國特色美食，也可在泰國高端特色餐廳享受到最頂級的泰式美味。

2014年國慶期間，重慶首條泰國風情街落戶長壽古鎮。風情街所有項目均從泰國引進，從而給游客最正宗的泰國文化體驗。風情街經營內容包含餐飲，東南亞旅游商品，客棧等。對重慶來說，該街首次帶給重慶市民原汁原味的泰國吃喝玩樂購體驗；對外方來說，重慶市民對泰國文化、美食的喜愛是極大的商機；對泰國留學生來說，他們可以在風情街找到歸屬感，在這里，留學生們可以找到家的感覺，每到周末和節假日也可在此兼職

延伸閱讀

2013重慶·泰國風情節

2013重慶·泰國風情節于2013年9月29日—10月4日在渝中區龍湖時代天街舉辦，風情節由重慶市人民政府外事僑務辦公室、泰國駐成都總領事館、重慶市渝中區人民政府聯合主辦，以推介泰國文化風情為主題，突出展示泰國文化藝術、旅游產業、傳統和時尚產品等，讓重慶市民在家門口了解泰國、領略泰國文化魅力。

攝影/譚舒

本次活動共設置了74個展位，超過80家泰國企業攜泰國美食、農產品、手工藝品等特色產品前來展銷，此外還有泰國傳統的民族歌舞、格斗表演。泰國曼谷市文化局藝術團為重慶市民帶來了精彩的“祝福舞”“豐收舞”“婚禮舞”等節目，展現了泰國民俗風情。職業泰國拳手進行了泰拳表演，展現了泰國的古老格斗技藝。本次風情節還設置了“我眼中的泰國”攝影展和泰國風情角，展示了泰國城市風貌、建筑風韻、歷史古跡、自然風光以及人文風情，市民可親身感受泰國文化的魅力。

此次活動重慶市改變了以往由政府包攬包辦的模式，選擇了與企業深度合作，實現共贏。這也是重慶市人民政府外事僑務辦公室通過與領館合作，服務企業，服務社會經濟發展的探索。

為推動重慶和泰國兩地的經貿、文化交流合作，方便重慶及周邊乘客前往泰國，泰國航空公司從2013年10月27日起，開通了重慶到曼谷的往返直達航線，采用泰航微笑航空A320執飛，每周周三、周五、周日各一班往返航班。

近年來，泰國與重慶市在經貿、文化和旅游方面開展了友好交流與合作。據重慶市外經貿委數據統計，2015年，重慶與泰國進出口總額超過13億美元。泰國有53家企業在重慶投資，實際利用外資3000萬美元。重慶已累計在泰國投資了4家企業，投資額達3000萬美元。今后，隨著“一帶一路”戰略的推進，雙方合作交往的機會還將不斷增多，未來必將進一步推進雙方的交流與合作。

● 作者為四川外國語大學國際關系學院碩士研究生● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University

Introduction of Chiang Mai

Photo by Zhoulu

Chiang Mai, which was located in the north of Thailand, is the second largest city after Bangkok; it has the reputation of "the Rose of the North". Chiang Mai was founded in the year of 1296; therefore, it has a relatively long history. It covers an area of 20,100 square kilometers with a mountainous terrain and its climate is pleasant. Its population is nearly 1,650,000 by 2005.

Tourism is the mainstay industry of Chiang Mai. There are a lot of famous attractions, and many folk activities with ethnic characteristics were held in Chiang Mai every year, such as the Water-Sprinkling Festival, the Loy Kra Thong Festival, the Litchi Festival and the beauty contests, and a large number of domestic and foreign tourists were attracted to go sightseeing. Chiang Mai is fi lled with delicious food. Its cuisine is known as the northern Thai cuisine, and it is famous for piquancy. This kind of taste is mainly from curry, pepper, ginger and other spicy seasoning. Chiang Mai is the culture center of northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University is the only national university in the city; it is also a top university in northern Thailand, which was authorized to found in January, 1964. Not only northern Thailand students were provided with higher education opportunities, but also overseas students could have highquality learning here.

Chiang Mai and Chongqing have close cooperation in the fi elds of tourism, food and educational exchanges and so on. On September 19, 2008, the Sister City agreement between Chongqing and Chiang Mai governments was signed. The two sides would develop deeper cooperation in many fi elds and promote common prosperity and developments on the basis of equality and mutual benefits. An activity of "Chongqing Culture Week" was held in Thailand in 2011, which was a good publicity of Chinese culture, and it was also an important step for Chongqing culture“going out”.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

“Overseas Study Diplomacy”

“Overseas Study Diplomacy” refers to great scale folk communications caused by one country’s citizens having overseas study and one country receiving overseas students as well as country’s foreign activities caused by the communications. With the improvements of people’s livings and the widening of people’s horizons, it has becoming one important part of a country’s folk diplomacy in recent years.

It has two aspects: sending and receiving overseas- studystudents. From the perspective of sending students, the students are in great amount, and they are distributed widely, so the impressions of the citizens of the host countries will be affected directly. Compared to country government’s foreignaffairs, it will be more intuitive, and have affi nity in image. From the perspective of receiving foreign students, the students will probably be the elites of the society after graduating and returning to their motherlands, and the government’s decisions and their choices on bilateral relations will be affected by their learning and living experiences in one country. Compared to country government’s foreign affairs, it will be more direct and have more charismas.

All in all, thanks to “Overseas Study Diplomacy”, the common acknowledgements among countries are established through the public’s direct and wide communications. As the unique“diplomats”, overseas- study-students will be the booster to promote the friendships among countries.

Dainty Diplomacy

Dainty diplomacy refers to the culinary culture of one country is used and then the country’s cultural brand and national reputation will be enhanced, and its understanding and identity with other countries will be deepened, what is more, the communication and cooperation with other countries will be promoted.

Dainty diplomacy is different from traditional food diplomacy, for the latter, visitors’ diet experience is enriched to let the quality of diplomatic activities improved and bilateral relations promoted, for example, catering meticulously in formal diplomatic catering events (including the visits of the heads of states or ambassadors, and other important diplomatic activities, etc). Dainty diplomacy focuses on the wider public, rather than the elites. It is not a simple food promotion or public relations activity, but to deepen the understanding of each other's culture through the medium of dainty.

Essentially, in dainty diplomacy, dainty information is not instilled to win the favors of other countries, but fuzzy emotional ties are established through sensory interaction, and then a profound impact will be made. This is a more hidden diplomacy method, but it may often has unexpected effects.

Cases

Thai Food in Chongqing

On October 16, 2013, the southwest center of Team of Thailand was located in Chongqing. Original and economical Thai handmade goods could be bought here. The immersive Bangkok shopping bazaar could be experienced, and Thai snacks could be tasted. In the Thai food square, low-price but typical Thai cuisine could be enjoyed, and the most delicious Thai food could also be appreciated in the Thai top-end specialty restaurant.

During the 2014 National Day, Chongqing's first Thai style street was located in one ancient town. All items were introduced from Thailand to give the visitors the most authentic Thai cultural experience. Food and beverage, Southeast Asia travelling goods, hotels and so on were available here. Authentic Thai food could be tasted, and original Thai goods could be purchased here, people could have great funs here. To Thai enterprises, they were provided with many commercial opportunities. To Thai students, they could have a sense of belonging, and they could also do some part time jobs here.

Thai Students Studying in Chongqing

On April 27, 2015, the fi rst "Thai culture classroom" was located in one university in Chongqing. A deep sense of Thai style could be felt once entering the classroom. A group photo of the King and Queen of Thailand was hung on the front wall. A Thailand landscape painting was hung on the left wall which showed some city landmarks of Thailand, including Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Pattaya. Next to the picture, there was a display cabinet. The shape of the cabinet’s roof was similar to the symbol of Thai buildings—roofs that anti rainwater accumulation. Several small items from Thailand were put into the cabinet. This “Thai culture classroom” that teemed with Thai charms would be unique for Thai students and they would have the feelings that they were as if at home. Additionally, Chinese students could learn Thai and culture in this classroom.

In addition, annual April 13 to 15 is the “Songkran Festival”of Thailand, which is also called “the Water-Sprinkling Festival”, and it is Thailand’s biggest traditional festival. It has been celebrated by some universities in Chongqing for 10 years. During the festival, the Thai and Chinese students celebrated the festival together, which made Thai students ease homesickness, promoted the friendships between Thai and Chinese students, and allowed Chinese students to experience and understand Thai culture vividly. During this year's festival, traditional Thai "Buddha" ritual and other related activities were held in some universities.

Chongqing and Chiang Mai： Multiple Diplomacy Leads to Comprehensive Cooperation

□ Written by Huang Zhiwei

Photo by Tanshu