陳 軍,羅自立,李建芬,朱玉霖,李 寧
丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼與丙泊酚單獨(dú)用于胃腸鏡檢查有效性及安全性的比較研究
陳 軍,羅自立,李建芬,朱玉霖,李 寧
611930四川省彭州市人民醫(yī)院麻醉科
【摘要】目的 比較丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼與丙泊酚單獨(dú)用于胃腸鏡檢查的有效性及安全性。方法選擇2011年6月—2013年5月在彭州市人民醫(yī)院行無痛胃腸鏡檢查的成年患者150例,按照麻醉用藥分為丙泊酚組60例和聯(lián)合組90例。丙泊酚組患者行胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)單獨(dú)應(yīng)用丙泊酚,聯(lián)合組患者行胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)給予丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼。比較兩組患者基線及麻醉5 min、10 min、15 min、30 min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP),麻醉過程中心肺并發(fā)癥、記憶缺失發(fā)生情況及丙泊酚用量。結(jié)果兩組患者基線及麻醉后5 min、10 min、15 min、30 min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)HR、MAP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者缺氧、低血壓、心律失常、呼吸暫停及記憶缺失發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);聯(lián)合組患者丙泊酚用量少于丙泊酚組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論與單獨(dú)使用丙泊酚相比,丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼能降低胃腸鏡檢查中丙泊酚用量,且對(duì)患者生命體征、心肺并發(fā)癥及記憶缺失等無明顯影響。
【關(guān)鍵詞】胃腸鏡檢查;二異丙酚;舒芬太尼;療效比較研究
陳軍,羅自立,李建芬,等.丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼與丙泊酚單獨(dú)用于胃腸鏡檢查有效性及安全性的比較研究[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(4):67-69.[www.syxnf.net]
Chen J,Luo ZL,Li JF,et al.Effectiveness and safety for gastrointestinal endoscopy:propofol plus sufentanil versus propofol alone[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(4):67-69.
丙泊酚因麻醉起效快、復(fù)蘇時(shí)間短、安全性高等優(yōu)勢(shì)而廣泛用于胃腸鏡檢查[1-3],其可單獨(dú)使用,也可與阿片類藥物及苯二氮卓類藥物聯(lián)合使用[4-6]。有研究顯示,單獨(dú)使用丙泊酚除會(huì)造成靜脈注射疼痛外,大劑量應(yīng)用丙泊酚還會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者頻繁出現(xiàn)呼吸循環(huán)抑制等嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)[7];另外,因丙泊酚具有特殊的藥物屬性,治療窗較窄,因此應(yīng)用過程中可能出現(xiàn)麻醉過深且無法治療的后果。雖然以往有研究表明,丙泊酚聯(lián)合常見麻醉藥物用于胃腸鏡檢查可降低麻醉并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、縮短麻醉恢復(fù)時(shí)間[8],但并未證明丙泊酚聯(lián)合常用麻醉藥物與丙泊酚單獨(dú)使用是否存在差異[9-15]。本研究旨在比較丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼與丙泊酚單獨(dú)用于胃腸鏡檢查的有效性及安全性。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選擇2011年6月—2013年5月在彭州市人民醫(yī)院行無痛胃腸鏡檢查的成年患者150例,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)均為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),其中男85例,女65例;年齡20~59歲;體質(zhì)量40~76 kg;胃腸鏡檢查類型:無痛胃鏡檢查85例,腸鏡檢查65例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):檢查過程中使用其他麻醉藥物、對(duì)麻醉藥物或鎮(zhèn)痛藥物過敏及成癮者,對(duì)脂肪乳過敏者,嚴(yán)重呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、心腦血管疾病、肝腎功能損傷、內(nèi)分泌疾病患者。按照麻醉用藥將150例患者分為丙泊酚組60例和聯(lián)合組90例,兩組患者年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、基線血氧飽和度及收縮壓比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1),具有可比性。

表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:BMI=體質(zhì)指數(shù);a為χ2值
1.2麻醉方法胃鏡檢查患者術(shù)前需禁食禁水6~8 h,結(jié)腸鏡檢查患者需禁食并導(dǎo)瀉。建立大血管肘靜脈通道,使用雙腔靜脈注射器推注丙泊酚以減少靜脈注射疼痛。常規(guī)鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧3 L/min,心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀監(jiān)測(cè)心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、呼吸頻率、血氧飽和度,使用腦電雙頻指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度(BIS)。丙泊酚組患者單獨(dú)給予丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg緩慢靜脈推注;聯(lián)合組患者首先給予舒芬太尼0.1 μg/kg緩慢靜脈推注,然后給予丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg緩慢靜脈推注。兩組患者均采取左側(cè)臥位,靜臥5 min后給藥,待麻醉良好后進(jìn)行胃腸鏡檢查。如檢查過程中患者出現(xiàn)心肺并發(fā)癥則應(yīng)立即給予對(duì)癥處理,如使用阿托品(0.01 mg/kg)、減少丙泊酚用量、使用麻黃堿升壓及增大氧流量保持呼吸道通暢等。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)記錄患者基線及麻醉5 min、10 min、15 min、30 min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)HR、MAP,并記錄患者麻醉過程中心肺并發(fā)癥、記憶缺失發(fā)生情況及丙泊酚用量。心肺并發(fā)癥包括缺氧、低血壓、心律失常及呼吸暫停,其中血氧飽和度<90%為缺氧,收縮壓<90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)為低血壓,心律出現(xiàn)異常為心律失常,呼吸中斷>10 s為呼吸暫停。檢查完畢待患者完全清醒后,詢問患者麻醉過程中有無記憶缺失情況,并記錄丙泊酚用量。

2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者麻醉過程中HR比較兩組患者基線及麻醉后5min、10min、15min、30min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)HR比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
2.2兩組患者麻醉過程中MAP比較兩組患者基線及麻醉后5min、10min、15min、30min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)MAP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表3)。
2.3兩組患者心肺并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、記憶缺失發(fā)生率及丙泊酚用量比較兩組患者缺氧、低血壓、心律失常、呼吸暫停及記憶缺失發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);聯(lián)合組患者丙泊酚用量少于丙泊酚組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表4)。

表2 兩組患者麻醉過程中HR比較,次/min)
注:HR=心率

表3 兩組患者麻醉過程中MAP比較
注:MAP=平均動(dòng)脈壓
表4兩組患者心肺并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、記憶缺失發(fā)生率及丙泊酚用量比較
Table 4Comparison of incidence of cardiopulmonary complications,amnesia and dosage of propofol between the two groups

組別例數(shù)缺氧〔n(%)〕低血壓〔n(%)〕心律失?!瞡(%)〕呼吸暫停〔n(%)〕記憶缺失〔n(%)〕丙泊酚用量(x±s,mg)丙泊酚組603(5.0)4(6.7)2(3.3)1(1.7)54(90.0)136.8±36.6聯(lián)合組904(4.4)3(3.3)4(4.4)2(2.2)81(90.0)118.6±28.7χ2(t)值0.0250.8990.1160.0570.0003.404aP值0.8740.3430.7340.8121.0000.001
注:a為t值
3討論
丙泊酚因起效快、血液含量可精確測(cè)定、t1/2短、清醒期短等優(yōu)勢(shì)而受到胃腸鏡檢查醫(yī)師的一致好評(píng)[3,16],但大劑量丙泊酚會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者在麻醉過程中出現(xiàn)心肺并發(fā)癥,因此需要引起麻醉師的高度重視[17]。丙泊酚因止痛效果有限,因此胃腸鏡檢查中常使用大劑量丙泊酚。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),丙泊酚聯(lián)合麻醉藥物或鎮(zhèn)定藥物用于胃鏡檢查的效果明顯,麻醉深度滿意,同時(shí)可以減少丙泊酚用量,縮短復(fù)蘇時(shí)間,提高患者耐受性[18]。但也有部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,丙泊酚聯(lián)合麻醉劑或鎮(zhèn)定劑較單純使用丙泊酚并無明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[19-21]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者基線及麻醉后5 min、10 min、15 min、30 min和麻醉結(jié)束時(shí)HR、MAP間無差異,兩組患者缺氧、低血壓、心律失常、呼吸暫停及記憶缺失發(fā)生率間無差異,聯(lián)合組患者丙泊酚用量少于丙泊酚組。提示丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼用于胃腸鏡檢查可減少丙泊酚用量,但對(duì)HR、MAP、心肺并發(fā)癥及記憶缺失有無明顯影響。有研究認(rèn)為,低劑量丙泊酚聯(lián)合其他麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜藥物能降低心肺并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其原因可能與丙泊酚和舒芬太尼聯(lián)用對(duì)心肺功能具有協(xié)同抑制作用有關(guān)。Ren等[22]研究表明,丙泊酚聯(lián)合麻醉藥物能增強(qiáng)呼吸抑制作用,其中包括舒芬太尼,其能明顯抑制患者通氣功能;另外,Nieuwenhuijs等[23]研究亦證實(shí),舒芬太尼與丙泊酚聯(lián)用可明顯抑制心肺功能,且即使兩者均給予小劑量也無法避免其對(duì)心肺功能的抑制作用。
綜上所述,與單獨(dú)使用丙泊酚相比,丙泊酚聯(lián)合舒芬太尼能降低胃腸鏡檢查中丙泊酚用量,且對(duì)患者生命體征、心肺并發(fā)癥及記憶缺失等無明顯影響。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Nonaka M,Gotoda T,Kusano C,et al.Safety of gastroenterologist-guided sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy in elderly patients compared with younger patients[J].Gut Liver,2015,9(1):38-42.
[2]Bo LL,Bai Y,Bian JJ,et al.Propofol vs traditional sedative agents for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography:a meta-analysis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2011,17(30):3538-3543.
[3]Sieg A,Beck S,Scholl SG,et al.Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation:a prospective,national multicenter study of 24 441 patients in German outpatient practices[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,29(3):517-523.
[4]Lee TH,Lee CK,Park SH,et al.Balanced propofol sedation versus propofol monosedation in therapeutic pancreaticobiliary endoscopic procedures[J].Dig Dis Sci,2012,57(8):2113-2121.
[5]Chiaretti A,Ruggiero A,Barbi E,et al.Comparison of propofol versus propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric oncologic procedures performed by non-anesthesiologists[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2011,57(7):1163-1167.
[6]Thomas MC,Jennett-Reznek AM,Patanwala AE.Combination of ketamine and propofol versus either agent alone for procedural sedation in the emergency department[J].Am J Health Syst Pharm,2011,68(23):2248-2256.
[7]Lapebie FX,Kennel C,Magy L,et al.Potential side effect of propofol and sevoflurane for anesthesia of anti-NMDA-R encephalitis[J].BMC Anesthesiol,2014,14:5.doi:10.1186/1471-2253-14-5.
[8]Lee DW,Chan AC,Sze TS,et al.Patient-controlled sedation versus intravenous sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients:a prospective randomized controlled trial[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2002,56(5):629-632.
[9]Fanti L,Agostoni M,Arcidiacono PG,et al.Target-controlled infusion during monitored anesthesia care in patients undergoing EUS:propofol alone versus midazolam plus propofol.A prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial[J].Dig Liver Dis,2007,39(1):81-86.
[10]Heuss LT,Hanhart A,Dell-Kuster S,et al.Propofol sedation alone or in combination with pharyngeal lidocaine anesthesia for routine upper GI endoscopy:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,non-inferiority trial[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2011,74(6):1207-1214.
[11]Moerman AT,Herregods LL,De Vos MM,et al.Manual versus target-controlled infusion remifentanil administration in spontaneously breathing patients[J].Anesth Analg,2009,108(3):828-834.
[12]Paspatis GA,Charoniti I,Manolaraki M,et al.Synergistic sedation with oral midazolam as a premedication and intravenous propofol versus intravenous propofol alone in upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in children:a prospective,randomized study[J].J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr,2006,43(2):195-199.
[13]VanNatta ME,Rex DK.Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2006,101(10):2209-2217.
[14]Akarsu Ayazoglu T,Polat E,Bolat C,et al.Comparison of propofol-based sedation regimens administered during colonoscopy[J].Rev Med Chil,2013,141(4):477-485.
[15]Kerker A,Hardt C,Schlief HE,et al.Combined sedation with midazolam/propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2010,10:11.doi:10.1186/1471-230X-10-11.
[16]Singh H,Poluha W,Cheung M,et al.Propofol for sedation during colonoscopy[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2008.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006268.pub2.
[17]Cote GA,Hovis RM,Ansstas MA,et al.Incidence of sedation-related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2010,8(2):137-142.
[18]Hsieh YH,Chou AL,Lai YY,et al.Propofol alone versus propofol in combination with meperidine for sedation during colonoscopy[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2009,43(8):753-757.
[19]Padmanabhan U,Leslie K,Eer AS,et al.Early cognitive impairment after sedation for colonoscopy:the effect of adding midazolam and/or fentanyl to propofol[J].Anesth Analg,2009,109(5):1448-1455.
[20]Moerman AT,Struys MM,Vereecke HE,et al.Remifentanil used to supplement propofol does not improve quality of sedation during spontaneous respiration[J].J Clin Anesth,2004,16(4):237-243.
[21]Seifert H,Schmitt TH,Gultekin T,et al.Sedation with propofol plus midazolam versus propofol alone for interventional endoscopic procedures:a prospective,randomized study[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2000,14(9):1207-1214.
[22]Ren J,Lenal F,Yang M,et al.Coadministration of the AMPAKINE CX717 with propofol reduces respiratory depression and fatal apneas[J].Anesthesiology,2013,118(6):1437-1445.
[23]Nieuwenhuijs DJ,Olofsen E,Romberg RR,et al.Response surface modeling of remifentanil-propofol interaction on cardiorespiratory control and bispectral index[J].Anesthesiology,2003,98(2):312-322.
(本文編輯:謝武英)
Effectiveness and Safety for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy:Propofol Plus Sufentanil Versus Propofol Alone
CHENJun,LUOZi-li,LIJian-fen,etal.
DepartmentofAnesthesiology,thePeople′sHospitalofPengzhou,Pengzhou611930,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness and safety for gastrointestinal endoscopy between propofol plus sufentanil and propofol alone.Methods From June 2011 to May 2013,a total of 150 adult patients admitted to the People′s Hospital of Pengzhou for gastrointestinal endoscopy were selected,and they were divided into A group(n=60)and B group(n=90)according to the anesthetics.Patients of A group received propofol alone for gastrointestinal endoscopy,while patients of B group received propofol plus sufentanil.Heart rate and mean arterial pressure before anesthesia,after 5 minutes,10 minutes,15 minutes and 30 minutes of anesthesia,at the end of anesthesia were compared between the two groups,incidence of cardiopulmonary complications,amnesia and dosage of propofol during anesthesia were recorded.ResultsNo statistically significant differences of heart rate or mean arterial pressure was found before anesthesia,after 5 minutes,10 minutes,15 minutes or 30 minutes of anesthesia,or at the end of anesthesia between the two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences of anoxia,hypotension,arrhythmia,apnea or amnesia was found between the two groups(P>0.05),while dosage of propofol of B group was statistically significantly less than that of B group(P<0.05).Conclusion Compared with propofol alone,propofol plus sufentanil can effectively reduce the dosage of propofol during anesthesia,without obvious influence on vital signs,cardiopulmonary complications or amnesia.
【Key words】Gastrointestinal endoscopy;Propofol;Sufentanil;Comparative effectiveness research
【中圖分類號(hào)】R 614.1
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.04.018
(收稿日期:2015-12-14;修回日期:2016-04-05)
·療效比較研究·