七選五閱讀的類型與解題方法

馮蔚清

關(guān)于高考英語全國卷“七選五”閱讀的解題策略本文歸納出篇章結(jié)構(gòu)法、名詞關(guān)聯(lián)法、代詞一致法、語篇標(biāo)識詞和句式并列法，使同學(xué)們對高考新題型有清晰、全面的認(rèn)識，克服對新題型畏難情緒。

一、試題特點

1. 試題模式

在一段約300詞的短文中留出5個空白，要求考生從所給的7個選項中選出最佳選項。

2. 考查重點

主要考查考生對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

3. 選項特點

主題句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）、注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）。

二、解題策略

筆者將七選五閱讀的解題策略歸納為“三法一詞一句”：

1. 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)法（主題句、過渡句、總結(jié)句）。

2. 關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法（包括以原詞或以近義詞、反義詞、同根詞、總括與具體例子之間的形式重復(fù)）。

3. 代詞一致法。

4. 語篇標(biāo)識詞。

5. 排比句（句式并列）。

三、分類實例

1. 指引性說明文

Structure

1. Topic sentence. （suggestions， advice or tips on doing sth.）

2. List several tips one by one.（usually subtitles； 排比句）

[例1]

Guide for Teenagers

The teenage years can be tough， and its normal to feel sad every now and then. 1

Try not to isolate yourself

When youre depressed（沮喪的），you may not feel like seeing anybody or doing anything. Just getting out of bed in the morning can be difficult， but isolating（使孤立）yourself only makes depression worse.

2 Spend time with friends， especially those who are active.

Keep your body healthy

Making healthy lifestyle choices can do wonders for your mood. Ever heard of a“runners high”？ Physical activity can be as effective as medications for depression， so get involved in sports， ride your bike， or take a dance class. Any activity helps！

3 As for food， make sure youre feeding your mind with plenty of fruits， vegetables， and whole grains.

Avoid alcohol and drugs

You maybe try drinking or use drugs in an effort to escape from your feelings and get a“mood boost，”even if just for a short time. However， substance use can not only make depression worse， but can cause you to become more depressed. 4 You will need special treatment for your problem.

5

Stress and worry can lead to depression. Talk to a teacher if exams or classes seem overwhelming. In addition， if you have a health concern you feel you cant talk to your parents about， see a doctor. A health professional can help you approach your parents and guide you toward appropriate treatment. If youre dealing with relationship， friendship， or family problems， talk to an adult you trust.

A. Ask for help if you are stressed.

B. Even a short walk can be beneficial.

C. Turn to your parents for help.

D. As you get out into the world， you may find yourself feeling better.

E. In short， drinking and taking drugs will make you feel worse -- not better--in the long run.

F. The more exercise you do， the healthier you will be.

G. Help is available and you have more power than you think.

答案點撥

第1題選G。主題句，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個篇章。

第2題選C。句式并列，此空與后句Spend time with friends都是祈使句。

第3題選B。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，選項B中的a short walk是空前句Any activity的具體例子，語義關(guān)聯(lián)；另外，be beneficial與helps同義。語篇標(biāo)識詞，Even這個標(biāo)識詞是表示遞進關(guān)系，符合上下文的邏輯語義。

第4題選E。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，選項E中的drinking， drugs與小標(biāo)題中的alcohol， drugs”重復(fù)。

第5題選A。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，選項A中的stressed與該段首句的名詞stress重復(fù)。

2. 解釋性說明文

Structure

1. 定義解釋what（definition/phenomenon）

2. 對比優(yōu)劣勢（compare the weaknesses and strengths）

3. 解決問題（how—the way to solve the problem）

4. 總結(jié)（make a conclusion）

[實例2] 2015年北京高考題

This Way to Dreamland

Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant， especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy.

1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions？

So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool？ First， understand that some opportunities（機會）for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming， try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple， like taking a shower or walking， or even making meaningless drawings.

Its also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”，being focused， is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4

Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.

5 Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.

B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

C. Without wandering minds， we wouldnt have relativity， Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time， daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

E. It involves slow， steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct， quite unlike sleep dreams， which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore， its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone.

答案點撥

第1題選B。代詞一致法，選項B中的主語與空前句及空后句的主語都是they，且都是指代上文的名詞daydreamer。

第2題選C。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，選項C中的relativity， Coke or Post-it notes（相對論、可口可樂或便條紙）是空后such ideas and inventions（這些想法和發(fā)明）的具體的例子。

第3題選A。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)，空前句中will help you與選項A中的also helps重復(fù)，句式并列，語篇標(biāo)識詞also表遞進關(guān)系。

第4題選E。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，“Mindfulness”， being focused與選項中的stay calm and attentive語義重復(fù)，slow與空后句中的slowly重復(fù)。指代一致，選項E中的It指代前句中的“Mindfulness”，上下銜接緊密。

第5題選G。語篇標(biāo)識詞，選項G中的語篇標(biāo)識詞Therefore引出段落總結(jié)句。

3. 現(xiàn)象類說明文

Structure

1. 提出問題（疑問句）（arouse problems）

2. 分析問題（analyze the problems by listing advantages and disadvantages 利 / 弊）

3. 總結(jié)（make a conclusion）

[實例3]

Security camera

Security cameras are becoming increasingly common in many countries. Before they appeared only in banks and at high-security areas， they are now entering public places such as malls， streets， stadiums. Many people feel this affects their privacy. 1

Security cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit is that the police can catch criminals in the act， thus reducing crime.

2 They will not be tempted to carry out crimes， and thus society will be a lot safer. 3 Governments do not need to spend large amounts of money on police.

4 The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move around a shop， mall， street or country without being photographed or recorded. They feel that being watched constantly is like being in a jail， and that ordinary people are losing their freedom because of these devices. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras， many people do not trust governments with too much information. 5

In conclusion， although there are definite advantages to using devices such as cameras， we need to balance the need for security with respect for the individuals privacy and freedom.

A. Their life was protected by the security cameras.

B. But do the advantages of these cameras outweigh（大于）their negative impact？

C. However， security cameras are far from being a perfect solution.

D. A more important point is that criminals will be deterred（阻嚇）.

E. Thirdly， cameras and computers can make mistakes.

F. Some people will abuse information

G. Cameras are also cost-effective（劃算的）.

答案點撥

第1題選B。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)法，第二段談利（several benefits），第三段談弊，第四段總結(jié)（In conclusion），可見此處應(yīng)是引出利弊分析的過渡性句子：這些攝像頭利大于弊嗎？

第2題選D。語篇標(biāo)識詞，空前句提到“An obvious benefit”，按照邏輯順序，由語篇標(biāo)識詞more importan，可知選項D正好引出第二個好處。

第3題選G。關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)法，選項中“cost-effective”與下句“do not need to spend large amounts of money ”語義重復(fù)。最讓人想到關(guān)聯(lián)的就是cost與money。

第4題選C。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)法，上一段落分析好處，此段則分析弊端；選項C中的表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系語篇標(biāo)識詞However正好吻合，故選C。

第5題選E。語篇標(biāo)識詞，與由前面The biggest objection ...Another point is that...相吻合的應(yīng)是Thirdly，故選E。

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