四步搞定閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)題

何夢(mèng)瑩

在高考英語閱讀理解的各個(gè)考點(diǎn)中，考查考生對(duì)短文具體信息的比重最大，高于60%。因此，能否準(zhǔn)確理解文中具體信息直接影響考生閱讀理解的成績(jī)。該考點(diǎn)又可具體可分為直接信息題（針對(duì)6W和1H提問，在原文可以直接找到答案）、間接信息題（題目信息和答案是對(duì)原文信息的同義轉(zhuǎn)換）、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排序題等。難度較大的是間接信息題，這也是近幾年考查的重點(diǎn)，因此也是本文分析的重點(diǎn)。

解題步驟

第一步，讀題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。

即從題干中確定關(guān)鍵詞，通常一兩個(gè)詞，特別是專有名詞、數(shù)字等具有排他性的詞。

第二步，尋讀，找到關(guān)鍵句。

即帶著第一步確定的關(guān)鍵詞尋讀，在文中找到含關(guān)鍵詞的句子。

第三步，細(xì)讀，理解信息。

即仔細(xì)閱讀含關(guān)鍵詞的句子及前后句子，理解其含義。

第四步，甄別，選出答案。

甄別選項(xiàng)，即比較信息句與各選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容，排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確選項(xiàng)。

值得注意的是，正確選項(xiàng)與原文往往是用不同詞語來表達(dá)同一意思。

以上四步可記作“一定二找，三解四較”。

典型例題

（2013全國II卷39） Doctors are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all. I was lucky： became a pilot in 1970，almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didnt realize then，but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger，faster planes，and in worse weather，I learned about crew resource management（機(jī)組資源管理），or CRM，a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result，regardless of positions.

36. What does the author say about doctors in general？

A. They like flying by themselves

B. They are unwilling to take advice.

C. They pretend to be good pilots.

D. They are quick learners of CRM

[解題過程]本題問“關(guān)于醫(yī)生，作者作了什么總的評(píng)說？”

第一步，讀題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。找到doctors in general。

第二步，尋讀，信息定位。用doctor尋讀，在文中找到 “Doctors are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all.”

第三步，細(xì)讀，理解信息。“醫(yī)生被人為是可怕的飛行員。他們聽不進(jìn)意見，因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)完全知道了。”

第四步，甄別，選出答案。與所找信息意思相符的只有選項(xiàng)B。文中信息They dont listen（ 注：listen to sb. =take notice of what sb. says to them so that they follow sb.s advice）與正確選項(xiàng)They are unwilling to take advice是同一意思的不同表達(dá)形式。

即時(shí)練習(xí)

閱讀下列選段，請(qǐng)用上述四步法，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.（2013全國II卷42）In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music，dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness...

At the same time，the“Fringe”appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947，in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform，and they did so in a public house disused for years.

Soon，groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University，and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge，？Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theater by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

△Who joined the“Fringe”after it appeared？

A. They owned a public house there

B. University students

C. Trusts from around the world

D. Performers of music and dance2.

2.（2014新課標(biāo)II卷30） One of the latest trends in American childcare is Chinese au pairs...

“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age，”Joseph Stocke...

Li Drake，a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband，had another reason for looking for an au pair from China： She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese，my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to the language and culture，”she says.

△Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ___________

A. to live in China some day

B. to speak the language at home

C. to catch up wit other Chinese culture

D. to learn about the Chinese culture？

3.（2013新課標(biāo)II卷 45）...Looking like a setting from the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory，Singapores Chocolate Research Facility（CRF）has over 100 varieties of chocolates. Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.

If the CRF seems to be a smart idea，thats because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levis and Sony. That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored（味道）chocolates.

△Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of CRF？

A. He knows the importance of research.

B. He learns from shops of similar types.

C. He has the support of many big names

D. He has a lot of marketing experience.

答案與詳解

1. B 本題問“在Fringe出現(xiàn)后誰去參加Fringe？” 第一步，讀題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。以Fringe為關(guān)鍵詞，因?yàn)樗罹吲潘浴５诙剑瑢ぷx，尋找關(guān)鍵句。在第三段找到，但“在Fringe出現(xiàn)后誰參加了Fringe？”該段找不到答案，順著讀下去，在下段找到groups of students （first from ...university and later from the universities...） were making the journey to...perform theater句。第三步，細(xì)讀，理解信息。“先是……大學(xué)的學(xué)生，后是……大學(xué)的學(xué)生來到蘇格蘭首府（Edinburgh） 表演”。第四步，甄別，選出答案。與前一步理解的信息相符的只有選項(xiàng)B。

2. D 本題問“Li Drake想她的孩子學(xué)漢語是因?yàn)樗胍麄僟_____” 第一步，讀題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。確定Li Drake為關(guān)鍵詞，專有名詞具有排他性。第二步，尋讀，尋找關(guān)鍵句。在第三段中找到Li Drake。順著這一關(guān)鍵詞往下讀，找到She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots...wanted the children to keep exposed to the language and culture兩句。第三步，細(xì)讀，理解信息。“Li Drake不想她的孩子忘記他們的根……想這些孩子浸泡在中國的語言和文化之中。” 第四步，甄別，選出答案。與此相符的只有選項(xiàng)D“了解中國文化”。原文中的root原意是“根”，海外游子的根即為“他們的祖國的文化”。

3. D 本題問“為什么Chris Lee能夠產(chǎn)生CRF這種主意？”第一步，讀題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。確定Chris Lee，CRF，idea為尋讀的關(guān)鍵詞。第二步，尋讀，尋找關(guān)鍵句。用Chris Lee或CRF尋讀，在第一段末找到，速讀相關(guān)句，依然沒有找到產(chǎn)生這種想法的原因，繼續(xù)往下讀，在第二段首句找到，because與問題why恰巧吻合，可知此句為解題關(guān)鍵句。第三步，細(xì)讀，理解信息。“如果說CRF是一個(gè)絕妙的主意，那是因?yàn)長(zhǎng)ee不但是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的（seasoned=experienced，having a lot of experience）銷售人員，而且是與知名品牌李維斯和索尼有業(yè)務(wù)往來的這樣一個(gè)銷售部的負(fù)責(zé)人”，本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)是銷售部負(fù)責(zé)人，說明銷售經(jīng)驗(yàn)非常豐富。第四步，甄別，選出答案。選項(xiàng)A與B易排除，選項(xiàng)C中big names與原文同，易誤選，但“他有許多知名公司的支持”與“與知名公司有業(yè)務(wù)來往”是不一樣的；只有選項(xiàng)D“他有豐富的銷售經(jīng)驗(yàn)”與原文最為接近，故選D。

順便說說，題干與原文中的某些詞常常是同義轉(zhuǎn)換，了解這一點(diǎn)有利于在文中快速尋找答題關(guān)鍵句。近年高考中同義轉(zhuǎn)換的例子有：reunite Europe—bring Europe together，state of mind—mood，charity—give others help，look for—plan to find，restore—give back，didnt know—had little idea，mainly— especially，drop —reduce，popular—popularity，consume（food）—food intake 等。

據(jù)筆者經(jīng)驗(yàn)，許多考生在找到關(guān)鍵句或“作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域”之后，仍然選錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)，原因是不能正確理解關(guān)鍵句的意思。考生平時(shí)練好詞匯和句法的基本功是避免錯(cuò)選的關(guān)鍵。詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)不能停留在詞的表面意義，還要理解深層的延伸意義，學(xué)會(huì)同義轉(zhuǎn)換。通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)，要能快速抓住句子的主干，從而獲取主要信息。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青