離子型稀土資源高效利用技術

楊斌 楊幼明

摘 要：本研究是針對我國離子型稀土產業環境污染問題，提出采用無氨浸礦與無皂化萃取分離方案，實現離子型稀土資源綠色高效提取、清潔分離。課題從離子型稀土礦山滲流場理論及應用、離子型稀土數字礦山、離子型稀土新型浸礦劑、無氨氮排放-水系循環稀土潔凈萃取分離技術集成三個主要方面展開研究。 通過近兩年研究，在離子型稀土礦山滲流場理論及應用方面，已建立離子型稀土原地浸礦開采的一維穩定滲流模型，確定了單寬滲流量與滲透系數和特征參數C1的相關性，定量描述了特征參數C1的絕對值隨底板坡度 、注液井壓力水頭h1、水平間距L關系；解析了離子型稀土礦土浸泡后的強度特性及其物理性質隨時間變化而產生的差異；掌握了滲流過程微顆粒遷移規律以及土樣滲透系數隨水力梯度的變化規律。 通過收集不同稀土礦山礦區的地質資料和補充實測，建立全礦區礦床地質數據庫，為礦山地形地質模型、礦體實體模型等提供基本數據；并據此建立地表模型、圍巖模型、礦床模型，基本實現礦山三維地質建模，可以真實形象的顯示地表模型、地層、構造、礦體；創建了礦體塊體模型和品位模型，實現了礦床塊段建模及儲量統計；設計了一套無線傳感器自動控制注液的物聯網方案，對智能注液可實施性進行了論證；確定數據采集方案和統計影響因素權重，建立了離子型稀土礦山滑坡危險性評價模型；制定了龍南稀土足洞試驗礦區開采方案；并提出品位實時動態顯示方案和經濟效益分析方案、室內相似模擬實驗方案。 通過可溶性鹽的遴選與實驗驗證，結合離子型稀土礦浸出液流出曲線，篩選出可用于離子型稀土礦山的無氨復合浸礦劑，稀土浸出率達100%，且成本低，實現了礦山資源提取無氨化。 利用P507萃取稀土、N235萃取酸的特性，設計了P507-N235無皂化萃取分離稀土方案。優化后的有機相成分為：30-35%P507+25-30%N235+0-20%熿化煤油+45-25%環己烷。測定了復全萃取體系稀土萃合物的組成為REA3？（R3N？HA）？3R3NHCl；研究了復合萃取劑對稀土元素的萃取分離規律，證明了體系中稀土元素呈“正序萃取”，符合“鑭系收縮”規則。 進行了復合萃取劑負載稀土反萃取研究，發現水能反萃負載有機相中的輕稀土.利用草酸沉淀，制備出砂狀稀土化合物。

關鍵詞：離子型稀土；氨氮；數字礦山；浸礦劑；萃取分離；無皂化

Abstract：This program， focusing on the pollution problem of IRE industry， proposed non-ammonium leaching technology and non-saponification extraction-separation process which have realized cleaner production and high-efficiency extraction of IRE. With more than 2 years of research， an one-dimensional steady seepage model for in-situ leaching and extraction of IRE was established. Thus， the relationship of the unit rate of seepage flow， permeability coefficient and feature parameter C1 has been revealed. The effects of bottom-board gradient， injection-well pressure h1 and horizontal interval L on the feature parameter C1 have been quantitatively described. The effect of time on the strength characteristics and physical properties of IRE mine after leaching has been analyzed. Moreover， the mechanism of microparticle migration and the change rule of permeability coefficient with hydraulic gradient in seepage process have been mastered. Based on the supplemental measured data and collected geologic information of different mining area， geological database of all IRE ore deposit was established. Thus， the database could provide basic data for topographical and hypostatic models which can help to build three-dimensional geological model and visually display the structure of the ground surface， stratum and ore body. Furthermore， block model and ore grade model were set up to calculate ore reserve. The IOT scheme of automatically controlled flooding with wireless sensor was designed， and the feasibility of intelligent flooding was also proved. Non-ammonia compound agent used to leach RE was selected from several soluble salts by comparing with the leaching solution effluent curves during the process of leaching RE. Comparing with ammonium sulfate， the non-ammonia compound agent has lots of advantages such as high RE leach yield and low cost. So， non-ammonia extraction of RE from the ores has been realized. Non-saponification extraction and separation of RE used P507 and N235 as extractant was developed based on the characteristics of P507 extracting RE and N235 extracting acid from the leaching solution. During the extracting process， Stripping of RE from the loaded organic phase was studied. Results showed that light RE in the loaded organic phase can be stripped with water. Arenaceous RE compound was prepared using RE oxalic acid precipitation as material.

Key words：Ion-absorbed rare earth ore； ammonia-nitrogen； digital mine； leaching reagent； extraction-separation； non-saponification

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