非限定動(dòng)詞邏輯主語的判定方法

胡志均

摘 要：本文通過充分的例證對(duì)英語非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語的判定方法進(jìn)行細(xì)致的總結(jié)。

關(guān)鍵詞：非限定動(dòng)詞；邏輯主語；判定

在英語中，動(dòng)詞是詞類中最復(fù)雜的，掌握好動(dòng)詞的用法是非常關(guān)鍵的。最令中國學(xué)生頭痛與困惑的動(dòng)詞類型是非限定動(dòng)詞，又叫非謂語動(dòng)詞，英語非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種基本形式：不定式、分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）和動(dòng)名詞，它們?cè)诰渲胁荒軉为?dú)充當(dāng)謂語，不受主語的限定，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語等。同時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞也保留了動(dòng)詞的部分特征，有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，也可以有自己的賓語、表語、狀語等，構(gòu)成非謂語動(dòng)詞短語，在邏輯意義上也有其動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者，叫非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語（Logical Subjects）。正確分析非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確把握語義十分重要。下面，根據(jù)自己多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語問題進(jìn)行一下總結(jié)，供大家在學(xué)習(xí)中參考。

一、非謂語動(dòng)詞帶有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語

（1）不定式的邏輯主語由介詞for或of引出，置于不定式前面，構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

I think it is very important for her to observe the new safety rules.

Its kind of you to say so.

（2）在動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是其前面的名詞或代詞賓格（有時(shí)也由名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞表示）。例如：

Do you mind me/my opening the window now？

His arriving early made the students very happy.

He approved the boys paying for the damage.

（3）在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞的邏輯主語是其前面的名詞或代詞主格。例如：

It being cold yesterday， they didnt go swimming but stayed at home.

He rushed into the classroom， his face covered with sweat.

二、句中的主語也是非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語

（1）不定式在句中充當(dāng)賓語、狀語、主語修飾語和主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句中主語。例如：

The young man decided to leave the college.

Marry aims to go skating with Tom tomorrow.

I was delighted to meet him at the airport

The little girl was seen to cross the street alone.

不定式在句中充當(dāng)表語或主語的同位語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是主語修飾語的主格形式。例如：

My plan is to learn 500 new words this term.

→My plan is that I will learn 500 new words this term.

（2）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中充當(dāng)賓語、狀語、主語修飾語和主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句中主語。例如：

They stopped talking when the teacher came in.

The man standing near the window is our class teacher.

Hearing the sad news， he couldnt help crying.

They were seen playing volleyball on the playground.

（3）動(dòng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)表語或主語的同位語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是主語修飾語的主格形式。例如：

His wish is living a happy life.→He wishes that he could live a happy life.

His job is raising pigs.→It is his job that he raises pigs.

（4）過去分詞在句中充當(dāng)狀語、主語修飾語和主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句中主語。例如：

The book written by Mark Twain is very humorous.

The project was found uncompleted

Given more time， they can finish the work on time.

三、句中的賓語也是非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語

（1）不定式在句中充當(dāng)賓語修飾語和賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句中賓語。例如：

He asked me to leave a message.

I often hear him sing in the next room.

（2）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中充當(dāng)賓語修飾語和賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句中賓語。例如：

He heard someone knocking at the door.

Please keep us informed of the latest news.

四、句中的表語也是非限定動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語

當(dāng)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞在句中充當(dāng)表語修飾語時(shí)，表語就是其邏輯主語。例如：

He is always the first worker to come to factory.

Our country is a developing country.

This is an old temple built in 1453.

五、非謂語動(dòng)詞邏輯主語的省略及其它

（1）當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)主語或表語，表達(dá)一個(gè)常理時(shí)，其邏輯主語往往省略。例如：

To swim in deep water is very dangerous.

Crying over the spilt milk is no good.

（2）當(dāng)不定式在句中充當(dāng)插入語時(shí)，其邏輯主語也要省略。常見的有to tell the truth， to start with， to sum up， to be sure， to be fair， to be frank， believe it or not等。例如：

To tell you the truth， I dont like his behaviour

Believe it or not， I have never lied to others.

（3）有時(shí)，一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)無法確定其邏輯主語，意義比較含糊。這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)叫做“無依著分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”。

Opening the cupboard， something strange fell out.

Painted pink， we like the bedroom better.

從傳統(tǒng)語法結(jié)構(gòu)的角度來看，上述句子是有問題的，是無法解釋的。但是在現(xiàn)代報(bào)刊雜志和科技文體中，只要不引起意義分歧，無依著分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還是可以使用的。不必去追究其邏輯主語到底是誰，知道意思就可以了。

總之，非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞的類別以及在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞侄_定。切勿盲目亂猜影響對(duì)單句及全文的理解。

（作者單位：天津農(nóng)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)學(xué)院）