張濤 王鋒
狀語(yǔ)從句是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn),也是歷年高考的常考點(diǎn)。高考對(duì)它的考查主要體現(xiàn)在七選五閱讀、語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)等題型中。狀語(yǔ)從句的考查重點(diǎn)是從屬連詞用法的辨析、主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)及狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝等。本文以高考真題為例,剖析狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞這一考點(diǎn),以期幫助同學(xué)們探索解題技巧,加強(qiáng)對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法基本知識(shí)和技能的掌握,從而提高應(yīng)試能力。
[時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句] [1]
例1 I had hardly got to the office _______ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
答案 when。
分析 本題考查的是hardly ... when或scarcely ... when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。有的同學(xué)可能會(huì)誤填before。原因是他們只注意到空格前后兩個(gè)分句之間的關(guān)系,而沒(méi)有注意到這是一種表示時(shí)間的固定句型。
例2 He had no sooner finished his speech _______ the students started cheering.
答案 than。
分析 本題考查no sooner ... than ...“一……就……”句型。
點(diǎn)撥 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示“一……就……”的方式很多,此例屬于no sooner ... than ..., hardly ... when ..., scarcely ... when ...這種句式。針對(duì)此結(jié)構(gòu),同學(xué)們要注意以下幾點(diǎn):①它們只能表示過(guò)去的事情;②no sooner與hardly/scarcely所在的主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),than與when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去;③當(dāng)no sooner和hardly/scarcely放在句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝形式。如:Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
例3 Be careful. The moment ________ you press the button, the machine will start.
答案 不填詞。
分析 本題考查名詞當(dāng)連詞用,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法。有的同學(xué)易誤填when。
點(diǎn)撥 在英語(yǔ)中,有些特殊的名詞或副詞可以起連詞的作用,直接引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí),復(fù)合句中不需要添加任何連詞。能這樣用的名詞有:the moment,the minute,the instant/the second/each/every time,next time等;能這樣用的副詞有:immediately,directly,instantly等。由這些名詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。常譯為“一……就……,剛……就……”。
例4 The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left _______ I could ask for their names.
答案 before。
分析 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,作者在問(wèn)他們名字之前,他們已經(jīng)走了。故填before。有的同學(xué)容易把before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與從屬連詞when或since等混淆。
點(diǎn)撥 before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,翻譯比較靈活。若表達(dá)“還未……就……;不到……就……;……才……;還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……”時(shí),需用連詞before。如:We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我們航行了四天四夜,才看到陸地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我們跑了還不到一英里,他就累了。此外,before還常用于“it will be+一段時(shí)間+before ...”(多久之后才……)這個(gè)句型。
[用于并列句中的連詞when] [2]
例5 On Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away _______ my daughter heard a cry for help.
答案 when。
分析 有的同學(xué)可能會(huì)誤填and。原因是他們只注意到空格前后兩個(gè)分句是并列關(guān)系,卻忽視了前句提供的語(yǔ)境。此題考查的是when用作并列連詞,引導(dǎo)并列句。
點(diǎn)撥 此例中when的意義為“就在這時(shí)”,等同于and then/just at that time。同學(xué)們不要把它理解為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。when前面的逗號(hào)可有可無(wú),類(lèi)似的用when的句型有:
①was/were doing something ... when ...意為“正在干什么……,這時(shí)突然……”;②was/were about to do something ... when ...或was/were on the point of doing something ... when ...意為“正要干某事……,這時(shí)突然……”;③had just done something ... when ...意為“剛剛做完什么……,這時(shí)突然……”。同學(xué)們一定要牢記連詞when用于并列句中的這幾種句型結(jié)構(gòu)。
[ it+be+時(shí)間+since/before/that/when ...句型] [3]
例6 As is reported, it is 100 years _______ Tsinghua University was founded.
答案 since。
分析 這里用句式“it is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句”,表示“自從……(到現(xiàn)在)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。有的同學(xué)易填before,that或when,原因可能是他們將句子理解成了強(qiáng)調(diào)句或是before/when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例7 It was when we were returning home _______ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
答案 that。
分析 句意:正當(dāng)我們回家的時(shí)候,我意識(shí)到幫助處于困境中的人的感覺(jué)是多么好。本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“it is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分”。本句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是when we were returning home,故用that。部分同學(xué)容易誤填before/when等。
例8 It was the middle of the night _______ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
答案 when。
分析 本題有的同學(xué)易誤填that/before。原因可能是他們沒(méi)有理解語(yǔ)境。根據(jù)設(shè)空處應(yīng)缺少一個(gè)連詞,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,故填when。
點(diǎn)撥 在“it+be+時(shí)間+since/before/that/when ...”句型中,連詞的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)以下規(guī)則:
用when時(shí),則以具體的時(shí)間為節(jié)點(diǎn),如:two oclock等,意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)……,是什么時(shí)間”;
用since時(shí),意為“自從……以來(lái)已多久了”;
用that且句中的“時(shí)間”作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,將it is/was ... that去掉后,句子仍完整;
“it is/was+時(shí)間段+before”從句,表示“過(guò)了多久才……”,要求前后時(shí)態(tài)一致;
“it is+時(shí)間+since”從句,要求從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,be動(dòng)詞用is。
如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,常譯成否定的意思。如:It is two years since Mr. Green smoked. 格林先生已經(jīng)戒煙兩年了。
[讓步狀語(yǔ)從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)] [4]
例9 Hot _______ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
答案 as/though。
分析 有的同學(xué)易誤用although, 因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軆H注意到了前后兩句話(huà)之前的讓步關(guān)系。但although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句不能用倒裝形式。
點(diǎn)撥 although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,從句不用倒裝形式。由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句必須倒裝,而由though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可以倒裝。這種倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)是“n./adj./adv./v.+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”。如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,當(dāng)表語(yǔ)被置于as/though之前時(shí),既使其前有形容詞修飾,也不用冠詞。如:Pop star as/though she is, she still needs to improve.
例10 Although the job takes a significant amount of time, _______ most students agree that the experience is worth it.
答案 不填。
分析 有的同學(xué)易受漢語(yǔ)“雖然……但是”句式的影響,而在橫線上填but。
點(diǎn)撥 though和although兩個(gè)詞都有“雖然”“盡管”之意,在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),都不能與but連用,但可以與yet或still連用。although與though相比,前者顯得比較正式,引導(dǎo)的從句多用于主句之前。而由though引導(dǎo)的從句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。此外though還可作副詞,意為“可是,然而”,置于句末。如:Li Ping works very hard at his lessons. He didnt get the first place in the exam, though. 而although無(wú)此用法。
例11 _______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
答案 Whichever。
分析 此句是一個(gè)名詞性從句,而不是狀語(yǔ)從句。有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為“疑問(wèn)詞+ever”等于“no matter+疑問(wèn)詞”,很可能會(huì)誤填No matter which。
例12 To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off _______ we are to shake hands with.
答案 whoever/no matter who。
分析 由句意知,空格處應(yīng)意為“無(wú)論我們與誰(shuí)握手”,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。we are to shake hands with后缺少賓語(yǔ),并且指“人”,故用whoever/no matter who引導(dǎo)。
點(diǎn)撥 “疑問(wèn)詞+ever”,如however/whatever/whoever/wherever/whenever/whichever等既可以用于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,又可用于名詞性從句。而“no matter+疑問(wèn)詞”構(gòu)成的詞,如:no matter how/no matter what/no matter which/ no matter who/no matter where等,只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
[條件狀語(yǔ)從句] [5]
例13 I believe you will have a wonderful time here _______ you get to know everyone here.
答案 if/once。
分析 此句考查的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。此句大意為:我相信:如果/一旦你認(rèn)識(shí)了其他所有的人,你會(huì)在這里玩得很開(kāi)心。根據(jù)句意和語(yǔ)境可知用if/once。部分同學(xué)可能會(huì)誤填unless。
例14 It is so cold that you cant go outside _______ fully covered with in thick clothes.
答案 unless。
分析 此句考查條件狀語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句意和語(yǔ)境可知,此處應(yīng)該是表達(dá)外出的條件,即:穿了厚衣服才能外出,不穿厚衣服不能外出。unless=if ... not,此句用的是雙重否定表示肯定的意思。另外,此句用了狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。句中unless fully covered在這里等于unless you are fully covered。
點(diǎn)撥 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有if(如果;假設(shè)),unless=if ... not(除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(如果),on condition that(在……條件下),suppose/supposing (that)(假設(shè)), providing/provided that(如果)等。同學(xué)們要注意unless與if的區(qū)別,以防混淆它們的意思或用法。如:She says that shell have to close the shop _______ business improves. 此句條件為business doesnt improve,故用unless。
此外,同學(xué)們還要注意狀語(yǔ)從句的省略現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,且從句的謂語(yǔ)部分含be動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。如:Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret. 當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,謂語(yǔ)部分中又含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí),可以把it和be一起省略。構(gòu)成“連詞(if/unless/when/whenever等)+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Make a careful plan if (it is) possible.
[結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句] [6]
例15 It was _______ fine weather that they all went swimming.
答案 such。
分析 此句是一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。fine weather的中心詞是名詞,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,such是形容詞,它用來(lái)修飾名詞或放在系動(dòng)詞后面。而so是副詞,它用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)名詞前有mnay/much/little/few 等修飾時(shí),用so不用such。有的同學(xué)可能只注意到了形容詞fine,而忽視了fine weather的中心詞是weather,而誤填so。
點(diǎn)撥 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so that, so ... that ...,such ... that ...。它們的結(jié)構(gòu)分別為:
so+形容詞/副詞+that從句;
so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式+that從句;
so+many/much/little/few+名詞+that從句;
such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式+that從句;
such+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句;
such+a lot of/lots of+that從句。
當(dāng)so或such以及所修飾的部分置于句首時(shí),主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如:So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all difficult problems.