英語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞用法剖析

楊正仁

摘 要：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)之重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就是由動(dòng)詞變來(lái)但不能作謂語(yǔ)的一種特殊形式，但非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以帶自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有分詞、動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式三種。本文主要分析動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的句法功能，動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)、否定式以及動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等用法，旨在更好地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握動(dòng)名詞的用法。

關(guān)鍵詞：動(dòng)名詞；句法功能；時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)；否定式；復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

一、動(dòng)名詞的功能

動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特征，但仍保留動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，因此可以帶自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)以及邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。

1.作主語(yǔ)

動(dòng)名詞及動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)；當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)放置其后作真正主語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常連用的詞有use， useful， useless， good等，如：

Reading English newspapers is a good way to improve English reading comprehension.

It is no use arguing with such an uneducated woman.

It is good getting up early and playing table tennis every morning.

It is a waste of time playing computer games from morning till night.

2.作賓語(yǔ)

（1）作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。有些動(dòng)詞后只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，常見的動(dòng)詞有：admit， allow， appreciate，advise，avoid，risk，celebrate，complete，consider， excuse，deny，escape，enjoy，suggest，forbid，miss，finish，imagine，keep， practice， mind，put off，insist on，give up，permit，keep on，be worth等。

如：

Our school doesnt allow smoking and drinking at any time.

She practiced playing the piano yesterday and didnt go out for a whole day.

The movie is well worth seeing for a second time.

（2）作介詞賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，當(dāng)作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意含有介詞to的短語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫@些短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常容易與動(dòng)詞不定式混淆。常用短語(yǔ)有：lead to， devote to， look forward to， get down to， be used to， object to， stick to等。

另外還有一些固定用法中，介詞經(jīng)常省略，像have difficulty ＼ trouble ＼ problem ＼ pleasure ＼ fun ＼ a good time ＼ a bad time （in） doing ；prevent ＼ stop sb. （from） doing；protect ＼ guard ＼ save＼ defend sb.（from ＼ against）doing；spend ＼

waste…（in）doing； be busy （in） doing等。

如：

She is not very good at dancing or singing but she plays basketball quite well.

The discovery of new evidence led to the highwayman being caught.

The great African woman devoted her whole life to studying and protecting wild animals.

Its time for us to get down to doing some research about our methods.

The driver had no difficulty （in） finding the place because of his good sense of direction.

We must take measures to prevent people （from） polluting the environment.

Youd better protect yourself （from） being attacked by some insects.

Students in China usually spend more than three hours （in） finishing their homework every day.

My teacher is busy writing a book these days， so he seldom comes to see us in the classroom.

（3）有些動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)意義相同，區(qū)別僅僅在于：動(dòng)名詞表示概念或者習(xí)慣性， 而動(dòng)詞不定式則往往表示具體動(dòng)作和過(guò)程，有時(shí)候也表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如：

I like reading books， but I dont like to read with him in the library right now.

The young man loves swimming， but he doesnt love to swim in the small pool this afternoon.

She prefers playing basketball， but she prefers to play indoors rather than play outdoors.

（4）有些動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)名詞和不定式意義不同。常用動(dòng)詞有：remember， forget， regret， try， mean， stop， go on， cant help等。

如：

I remember meeting her somewhere， but I am not sure where it was. （對(duì)做過(guò)的事還記得）

Please remember to turn off the lights whenever you leave the room. （記住將去做某事）

I forgot criticizing you when you were at school. （忘記做過(guò)之事）

I forgot to lock the car when I parked it yesterday. （忘記而沒做；車門開著）

She regretted marrying him after she was introduced to him in such a short time. （對(duì)做過(guò)之事感到后悔）

I regret to say ＼ tell ＼ inform ＼ declare ＼ announce that we didnt pass the exams again. （遺憾地要說(shuō)……）

Why not try opening the back door instead of the front door？ （試驗(yàn)做某事）

We tried to please her by doing everything carefully， but we couldnt. （企圖做某事）

Missing a bus in some remote places means waiting for another day. （意味著做某事）

I didnt mean to hurt you by saying that， but actually it did. （打算做某事）

The baby girl stopped crying as soon as she heard her mothers voice. （停止所做之事）

We stopped to have a rest when we finished half of the work.（作狀語(yǔ)，停下來(lái)去做某事）

After a short break， she went on doing her homework . （繼續(xù)做同一件事）

After we finished reading the story， we went on to practice writing. （接著做另一件事）

Hearing the wonderful and exciting news， we couldnt help dancing with joy. （情不自禁地做某事）

I am so busy that I cant help sweep the floor and clean the windows. （不能幫著做某事）

（5）動(dòng)詞need， want， require后跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式或動(dòng)詞不定式被動(dòng)式，表示“某事需要做一下”，這時(shí)候主語(yǔ)一般是物，也可以是人。

如：

My hair needs ＼ wants ＼ requires cutting.

His bicycle needs ＼ wants ＼ requires to be repaired now. （不定式更側(cè)重動(dòng)作）

These students need ＼ want ＼ require educating （to be educated）.

3.作表語(yǔ)

動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，通常可以把主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)互換位置；但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特性，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，因此前面可以加very， quite， extremely等副詞修飾，但主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)不能互換位置。

如：

My favorite hobby is singing and dancing.= Singing and dancing is my favorite hobby.

His job is teaching Chinese children English.= Teaching Chinese children English is his job.

The movie that I saw several days ago is very exciting. （現(xiàn)在分詞）

The job that I am doing every day is quite boring and tiring. （現(xiàn)在分詞）

4.作定語(yǔ)

動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只有單個(gè)形式，放在被修飾的詞之前，表示被修飾詞的用途，通常可以用介詞for去改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示被修飾詞和分詞之間邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞和被修飾詞都重讀，但動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，只重讀被修飾詞，如：

a sleeping car = a car for sleeping （動(dòng)名詞）

a sleeping girl = a girl who is sleeping （分詞）

a swimming-pool=a pool for swimming （動(dòng)名詞，可加連字符）

a swimming girl= a girl who is swimming （分詞，不可以加連字符）

a running track=a track for running （動(dòng)名詞）

running water=water which is running （分詞）

二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及否定形式

動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)有一般式和完成式；動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之分；動(dòng)名詞的否定形式是在最前邊加not。以動(dòng)詞do為例，見下表：

動(dòng)名詞一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)或稍后發(fā)生；而動(dòng)名詞完成式表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前就已經(jīng)完成；如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞的執(zhí)行者就用主動(dòng)形式，如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞的承受者就用被動(dòng)形式。

如：

He often enjoys playing table tennis either in the morning or in the evening.

In shops some people， esp. women cant help being persuaded to buy some unnecessary articles that they will never use.

I admit having told him the bad news without much thinking.

He denied having been brought up by his uncle in the rural countryside.

三、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由動(dòng)名詞加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，這個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)通常用形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格或者人稱代詞賓格、名詞普通格充當(dāng)。在句首和正式場(chǎng)合要用物主代詞或名詞所有格；如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命物體、在句中或非正式場(chǎng)合多用人稱代詞賓格或名詞普通格。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中通常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。

如：

Toms （His） attending the meeting himself made us very happy and excited.

Can you imagine Peters （Peter） crossing the Pacific Ocean within six days？

At the beginning of the class， we could hear the noise of desks being opened and closed.

His greatest excitement is his daughter being admitted into the famous university in US.

What worried him most was his not being allowed to go to America for further education.

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]薄 冰.薄冰：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M].北京：開明出版社，2007.

[2]張道真.張道真實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M].北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2002.