張燦燦, 尉 蔚, 林雪艷, 田永杰
(山東大學附屬省立醫院婦產科,山東 濟南 250021)
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上皮性卵巢癌中PARP-1的表達及其與EMT的關系*
張燦燦,尉蔚,林雪艷,田永杰△
(山東大學附屬省立醫院婦產科,山東 濟南 250021)
[摘要]目的: 探討上皮性卵巢癌(epithelial ovarian cancer,EOC)中聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1,PARP-1]的表達及其與上皮-間質轉化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的關系。方法: 免疫組化、實時熒光定量PCR法檢測EOC和良性卵巢腫瘤組織中PARP-1、E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)和轉錄調控因子Snail的表達;Western blotting法檢測高效PARP-1抑制劑PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后PARP-1、E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail蛋白的表達。結果: PARP-1、vimentin和Snail在EOC中陽性表達率高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,而E-cadherin則相反,差異均有統計學顯著性(P<0.05)。PARP-1、E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail與EOC的病理分級、臨床分期和有無淋巴結轉移有關(P<0.05),與年齡和病理類型無關。E-cadherin表達與PARP-1表達呈負相關(P<0.05),vimentin、Snail表達與PARP-1表達呈正相關(P<0.05)。EOC中PARP-1、vimentin和Snail mRNA的相對表達量高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,E-cadherin mRNA的相對表達量低于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,差異均具有統計學顯著性(P<0.05)。PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后,PARP-1、vimentin和Snail的蛋白水平明顯下降,E-cadherin的蛋白水平顯著提高,差異有統計學顯著性(P<0.05)。結論: PARP-1通過調控E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail的表達促進EOC上皮間質轉化。PARP-1及其參與的上皮-間質轉化在EOC進展中發揮重要作用。
[關鍵詞]卵巢癌; 聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1; E-鈣黏蛋白; 波形蛋白; Snail; 上皮-間質轉化
卵巢癌是女性生殖系統常見惡性腫瘤之一,其死亡率高居婦科惡性腫瘤首位。卵巢癌有多種病理類型,但上皮性卵巢癌(epithelial ovarian cancer,EOC)占絕大部分(約90%),研究表明,上皮-間質轉化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)在上皮源性腫瘤細胞侵襲轉移中發揮重要作用。EMT是指上皮細胞轉化為間質細胞并獲得侵襲遷移能力的過程[1]。聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶-1(poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1,PARP-1)是存在于多數真核細胞中的蛋白翻譯后修飾酶, 在DNA損傷修復,調控細胞增殖、凋亡等方面發揮重要作用[2]。研究發現,PARP-1可能通過調控轉錄調控因子Snail參與細胞EMT[3]。但關于PARP-1在EOC上皮間質轉化及惡性進展中的作用目前尚無深入研究,本論文從組織、細胞兩個層面研究PARP-1及EMT標志物——E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)和轉錄調控因子Snail在EOC中的表達水平并探討其相關性,進而探究PARP-1在EOC上皮間質轉化及惡性進展中的作用。
材料和方法
1組織標本
收集山東大學附屬省立醫院病理科2012年1月至2014年12月EOC組織標本60例、良性卵巢腫瘤組織標本40例制作病理切片,相關石蠟切片由山東大學附屬省立醫院病理科提供并完成病理鑒定。另取山東大學附屬省立醫院婦科2014年1月至2015年5月手術切除并經病理檢查確診的EOC組織54例,良性卵巢腫瘤組織36例,迅速液氮凍存,新鮮病理組織供real-time PCR用。
患者的納入標準:EOC組選擇病理確診為EOC的手術患者,患者均為第1次手術,且術前未接受放、化療及免疫治療;良性卵巢腫瘤組(對照組)選擇行良性卵巢腫瘤或囊腫切除術患者,近6個月未服用過激素類藥物;所有標本征得患者同意及山東大學附屬省立醫院倫理委員會許可。排除標準:同時合并有其它惡性腫瘤者。
2細胞株及培養
細胞株SKOV3由山東大學附屬省立醫院中心實驗室提供,用含10%胎牛血清RPMI-1640培養基于37 °C、5% CO2飽和濕度條件下常規培養,取對數生長期細胞進行實驗。
3主要試劑
兔抗人PARP-1多克隆抗體和兔抗人E-cadherin多克隆抗體購自CST;兔抗人vimentin單克隆抗體和兔抗人Snail多克隆抗體購自Abcam;免疫組化試劑盒和DAB購自北京中杉金橋生物科技有限公司;TRIzol、反轉錄試劑盒PrimeScript RT reagent Kit和real-time PCR 試劑盒購自TaKaRa,PCR引物由TaKaRa合成;胎牛血清和RPMI-1640培養基購自HyClone;PJ34購自Merck。
4主要方法
4.1免疫組化法檢測PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)的表達手術切除標本經固定、石蠟包埋并切成4 μm備用。采用鏈霉素抗生素蛋白-過氧化酶免疫組化染色法(S-P),分別滴加PARP-1、E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail抗體,PBS代替 I 抗作為陰性對照。
4.2免疫組化結果判定標準以細胞呈棕黃色或棕褐色顆粒為陽性。按半定量積分法在光鏡下,隨機觀察10個高倍鏡視野,按每高倍鏡視野陽性細胞百分比計分:陽性細胞數< 5%為0分,5%~25%為1分,26%~50%為2分,51%~75%為3分,>76%為4分;染色呈淡黃色計為1分,染色呈黃色計為2分,染色呈棕黃色者計為3分。2種計分的乘積即為陽性強度:0分為陰性(-),1~4分為弱陽性(+),5~8分為中度陽性(++),9~12分為強陽性。中度陽性(++)和強陽性(+++)判為陽性。
4.3Real-time PCR法檢測PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)的mRNA表達按照TRIzol說明書方法提取組織總RNA,測定濃度及純度后按照反轉錄試劑盒PrimeScript RT reagent Kit說明書建立反應體系,合成cDNA。按照SYBR-Green試劑盒說明書運用Light Cycler?480II 完成real-time PCR。引物序列見表1。采用2-ΔΔCt法計算mRNA的相對表達量。

表1 引物序列
4.4Western blotting法檢測PJ34處理后SKOV3細胞PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)的蛋白表達SKOV3細胞經5 μmol/L PJ34處理24 h后進行蛋白提取及定量,SDS-PAGE分離蛋白,轉至0.4 μm PVDF膜,5% 脫脂奶粉室溫封閉1 h。分別加入PARP-1、E-cadherin、vimentin、Snail和GAPDH抗體,4 ℃孵育過夜,TBST漂洗5 min 3次,分別加入辣根過氧化物標記的山羊抗兔 II 抗,室溫孵育1 h,TBST漂洗10 min 3次,顯影,Quantity One軟件分析結果,計算灰度值比值。
5統計學處理
采用SPSS 19.0對實驗數據進行統計分析,計量資料采用均數±標準差(mean±SD)表示,計量資料間的比較采用t檢驗,計數資料比較采用2檢驗,應用Spearman法計算指標間的相關系數,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
結果
1PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)在上皮性卵巢腫瘤組織中的表達
PARP-1主要表達于細胞核,部分表達于細胞漿,在EOC中陽性表達率明顯高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織(P<0.05);E-cadherin主要表達在細胞膜及細胞漿,在EOC中陽性表達率明顯低于良性卵巢腫瘤組織(P<0.05);vimentin主要表達在細胞漿,在EOC中陽性表達率明顯高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織(P<0.05);Snail主要表達在細胞漿,在EOC中陽性表達率明顯高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織(P<0.05),見圖1、表2。

Figure 1.The results of immunohistochemical assay showed that PARP-1 and the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) were expressed in the epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and benign ovarian tumor tissues (control)(×200).
圖1免疫組化法檢測PARP-1和EMT標志物在上皮性卵巢癌組織及良性卵巢腫瘤組織中的定位及表達
表2上皮性卵巢癌與良性卵巢腫瘤組織中PARP-1和EMT標志物蛋白的表達
Table 2.The expression of PARP-1 and the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) in the epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and benign ovarian tumor tissues (control)

TissuenPARP-1positiveE-cadherinpositiveVimentinpositiveSnailpositiven%n%n%n%Control401127.5%2870.0%820.0%1537.5%EOC604676.7%*1728.3%*2846.7%*3761.7%*
*P<0.05vscontrol.
2PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)表達與EOC臨床病理間的關系
PARP-1、vimentin、Snail蛋白在EOC G1+G2中陽性表達率低于G3(P<0.05),在I+II期的陽性表達率低于III+IV期(P<0.05),有淋巴結轉移組的陽性表達率高于無淋巴結轉移組(P<0.05),在不同年齡組和病理類型間的表達差異無統計學顯著性。E-cadherin蛋白在EOC G1+G2中陽性表達率高于G3(P<0.05),在I+II期的陽性表達率高于III+IV期(P<0.05),有淋巴結轉移組的陽性表達率低于無淋巴結轉移組(P<0.05),在不同年齡組和病理類型間的表達差異無統計學顯著性,見表3。
表3PARP-1、EMT標志物表達與上皮性卵巢癌臨床病理間的關系
Table 3.The relationship between the expression of PARP-1, the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail) and the clinical pathology of epithelial ovarian cancer

ClinicalfeaturesnPARP-1positiveE-cadherinpositiveVimentinpositiveSnailpositiven2Pn2Pn2Pn2PAge(years)0.1100.7400.0020.9700.3100.5800.1520.696 ≤50282281218 >50322491619Pathologicaltypes0.5000.4800.0270.8900.3600.5600.8610.353 Serous4536132030 Other1510487Histologicalgrade7.4700.0065.4500.02013.4400.0005.1600.023 G1+G2281712613 G3322952224Clinicalstage6.4100.01013.6100.0009.3000.0025.6400.017 I+II181011167 III+IV423661230Lymphnodemetastasis12.1700.00011.5000.0016.4300.0116.7700.009 Present242411010 Absent3622161827
3EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)表達與PARP-1表達間的關系
經Spearman相關系數分析可知E-cadherin表達與PARP-1表達呈負相關(r=-0.412);vimentin表達與PARP-1表達呈正相關(r=0.383);Snail表達與PARP-1表達呈正相關(r=0.259),見表4。
4上皮性卵巢腫瘤組織中PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)的mRNA表達
以內參照GAPDH為對照,相對于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,EOC組織PARP-1、vimentin、Snail 的mRNA表達水平明顯升高,E-cadherin的mRNA表達水平顯著下降,差異有統計學顯著性(P<0.05),見圖2、表5。
5PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后PARP-1及EMT標志物(E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail)蛋白的表達
高效PARP-1抑制劑PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后,PARP-1、vimentin和Snail 蛋白表達下降,E-cadherin蛋白表達提高;用目的蛋白條帶的灰度值比GAPDH灰度值得到各組目的蛋白相對表達量,高效PARP-1抑制劑PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后,PARP-1、vimentin和Snail 蛋白相對表達量下降(P<0.05),E-cadherin蛋白相對表達量提高(P<0.05),見圖3。
表4上皮性卵巢癌組織中EMT標志物表達與PARP-1表達的關系
Table 4.The relationship between the expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) and PARP-1 in the epithelial ovarian cancer tissues

EMTmarkersPARP-1+-2rPE-cadherin17.16-0.412<0.05 +710 -394Vimentin10.320.383<0.05 +235 -239Snail4.270.259<0.05 +343 -1211

Figure 2.The relative mRNA expression of PARP-1 and the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) in the ovarian cancer tissues and the benign ovarian tumor tissues (control). Mean±SD.*P<0.05vscontrol.
圖2上皮性卵巢癌及良性卵巢腫瘤組織中 PARP-1和EMT標志物的mRNA相對表達量
表5PARP-1和EMT標志物的2-ΔΔCt數值比較
Table 5.The data of 2-ΔΔCtfor PARP-1 and the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) (Mean±SD)

GroupnPARP-1E-cadherinVimentinSnailControl361.14±0.301.12±0.191.04±0.261.09±0.37EOC541.57±0.54*0.82±0.25*1.39±0.37*1.49±0.49*
*P<0.05vsbenign ovarian tumor (control) group.

Figure 3.The relative protein expression of PARP-1 and the markers of EMT (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) in the SKOV3 cells treated with PJ34 determined by Western blotting. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsPJ34(-) group.
圖3PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后PARP-1及EMT標志物蛋白的表達
討論
卵巢癌是婦科腫瘤中最常見的癌性死因,約70%的卵巢癌患者確診時已是晚期。腹腔轉移提示晚期卵巢癌患者預后不良,關于卵巢癌細胞從原發腫瘤部位脫離,侵入腹腔的分子機制尚未完全清楚。因此,研究卵巢癌侵襲轉移的分子機制有助于制定新的治療策略。
PARP-1是存在于多數真核細胞中的蛋白翻譯后修飾酶,其作用是催化ADP-核糖從煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸轉移到各種受體蛋白,并且通過堿基切除修復方式對單股DNA進行損傷修復,參與DNA的甲基化修飾和轉錄、細胞信號傳導、細胞周期調控及細胞的有絲分裂[4]。近來,其在腫瘤發生及惡性進展中的作用越來越引起研究者的重視[5]。
研究表明,腫瘤發生侵襲轉移依賴于內環境的相互作用,其中EMT是主要因素之一[6],EMT通過使上皮型細胞失去正常的上皮表型和極性,獲得間質表型和功能,具有間質表型的癌細胞具有從原位遷移的能力,與基質細胞相互作用,浸潤鄰近組織,或侵入淋巴系統和(或)血循環并定植于其他部位,形成轉移灶[7]。已有研究發現,EMT是EOC發生侵襲轉移的主要原因之一,在卵巢癌惡性進展中發揮關鍵性作用[8]。腫瘤細胞上皮間質轉化伴隨有細胞表面標志物的變化:如上皮型生物標志物E-cadherin表達的下調,間質細胞標志蛋白如vimentin的表達上調,同時伴隨著轉錄調控因子Snail等的活化[9]。
E-cadherin是黏附分子鈣依賴性黏附素家族中的一員,E-cadherin的表達減少導致細胞形態的改變、細胞間黏附減弱、細胞活動性增強,是EMT發生的重要標志并在癌癥浸潤中發揮重要作用[10]。Vimentin是存在于間質細胞中的一種中間絲蛋白,在間質來源腫瘤細胞顯示陽性,在上皮來源腫瘤細胞顯示陰性,因此vimentin陽性表達提示腫瘤發生上皮間質轉化。研究顯示,vimentin 在多種侵襲性腫瘤細胞系中表達顯著增高,并與腫瘤預后呈負相關[11],與腫瘤的發生、轉移密切相關[12]。Snail為鋅指蛋白家族Snail的第1個成員,研究表明,Snail本質上是一種轉錄抑制因子,通過結合E-cadherin啟動子的E-box連接基序,而直接抑制E-cadherin的表達,進而誘導EMT,促使腫瘤細胞原位侵襲和遠處轉移。
PARP-1在上皮間質轉化過程中的作用正不斷被發現。Pu等[13]發現前列腺癌細胞中PARP-1通過促進轉化生長因子β和Smad蛋白表達,使E-cadherin表達下調,N-cadherin表達上調,即PARP-1通過促進TGF-β誘導的EMT促進前列腺腫瘤的發生。Rodríguez等[14]報道在內皮細胞和黑色素瘤細胞中,PARP-1通過調控vimentin誘導的細胞惡性轉化從而影響腫瘤轉移潛力;使用抑制劑或沉默PARP-1使之失活,可以下調vimentin的表達水平,同時伴隨著E-cadherin的升高及Snail水平的下調,逆轉細胞的EMT表型。但在EOC中,尚無PARP-1參與EOC EMT的相關研究。
研究表明,PARP-1在多種惡性腫瘤中均存在著過表達現象[15];俞嵐等[16]發現與正常卵巢組織相比,EOC組織的E-cadherin表達下降;Handra-Luca 等[17]研究表明,vimentin 在胰腺癌中表達異常增加;Abd 等[18]發現在非小細胞肺癌中存在Snail的過表達現象,本研究結果與上述文獻報道相一致。本研究采用免疫組化、real-time PCR法從蛋白水平及mRNA 水平檢測良性卵巢腫瘤組織和EOC中PARP-1及EMT標志物E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail的表達,結果顯示PARP-1、vimentin和Snail在EOC中的表達高于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,而E-cadherin在EOC中的表達低于良性卵巢腫瘤組織,提示PARP-1和EMT可能參與了EOC的發生。
本研究還發現EOC組織中vimentin和Snail的表達與PARP-1的表達呈正相關,E-cadherin的表達與PARP-1的表達呈負相關,提示隨著PARP-1表達增加,vimentin和Snail表達增加,E-cadherin表達減少,細胞間黏附作用降低,促進了EMT的發生。高效PARP-1抑制劑PJ34處理SKOV3細胞后,vimentin和Snail 蛋白水平明顯下降,E-cadherin蛋白水平顯著提高,提示通過使用抑制劑使PARP-1表達降低,會下調vimentin和Snail的表達水平,同時伴隨著E-cadherin表達升高,可逆轉細胞的EMT表型。因而推斷PARP-1可能通過調控E-cadherin、vimentin和Snail的表達參與EOC的EMT過程。
EMT的發生往往預示著患者預后較差[19-20]。本研究發現PARP-1、vimentin和Snail在早期、高分化、無浸潤轉移的卵巢癌組織中低表達,而在晚期、低分化、有浸潤轉移的卵巢癌組織中高表達,而E-cadhe-rin則相反,提示隨著卵巢癌臨床分期和惡性程度的增加,PARP-1表達增加,vimentin和Snail表達增加,E-cadherin表達減少,進而推測PARP-1及其參與的上皮-間質轉化可能參與卵巢癌的進展。
綜上所述,PARP-1及EMT在腫瘤的浸潤生長和遠處轉移過程中發揮著重要作用,通過檢測PARP-1及EMT標志蛋白在卵巢癌組織中的表達,結合病理分級、分期,可以提高判斷腫瘤侵襲、轉移程度的準確度,通過多項指標的聯合檢測,為卵巢癌臨床治療及預后判斷提供了有效依據。同時,研究PARP-1和EMT的相關性有助于我們建立新的藥物靶點從而對卵巢癌進行靶向干預治療,為卵巢癌的有效治療提供更為可靠的依據。
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(責任編輯: 林白霜, 余小慧)
Expression of PARP-1 in epithelial ovarian cancer and its relationship with epithelial-mesenchymal transition
ZHANG Can-can, WEI Wei, LIN Xue-yan, TIAN Yong-jie
(DepartmentofObstetrics&Gynecology,ShandongProvincialHospitalAffiliatedtoShandongUniversity,Jinan250021,China.E-mail:tianyongjie@sdu.edu.cn)
[ABSTRACT]AIM: To investigate the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and its relationship with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS: The expression of PARP-1, E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail was detected in the EOC and benign ovarian tumor tissues by immunohistochemical method and real-time PCR. The expression of PARP-1, E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail proteins in the SKOV3 cells treated with efficient PARP-1 inhibitor PJ34 was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: The positive expression rates of PARP-1, vimentin and Snail were significantly higher in the EOC than that in the benign ovarian tumor tissues, whereas the positive expression rate of E-cadherin was the opposite (P<0.05). The expression of PARP-1, E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail in the EOC was associated with the histological grade, clinical stage and lymphatic metastasis (P<0.05), but no relationship with age and pathological types was observed. The expression of E-cadherin in the EOC was negatively co-related to that of PARP-1. In contrast, the expression of vimentin and Snail in the EOC was positively co-related to that of PARP-1. The relative mRNA expression of PARP-1, vimentin and Snail in the EOC was significantly higher than that in the benign ovarian tumor tissues (P<0.05), while the mRNA expression of E-cadherin in the EOC was remarkably lower than that in the benign ovarian tumor tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression of PARP-1, vimentin and Snail in the SKOV3 cells was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while E-cadherin protein was increased after treated with PJ34(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PARP-1 may contribute to the onset of EMT in the EOC by regulating the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail. The role of PARP-1, which is relevant to EMT, might be important in the development of ovarian cancer.
[KEY WORDS]Ovarian cancer; Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1; E-cadherin; Vimentin; Snail; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2016.03.007
[中圖分類號]R737.31; R730.23
[文獻標志碼]A
通訊作者△Tel: 0531-68776384; E-mail: tianyongjie@sdu.edu.cn
*[基金項目]國家自然科學基金應急管理項目(No. 81441075);山東省自然科學基金資助項目(No. ZR2014HM108);山東省自然科學基金青年項目(No. ZR2013HQ030)
[收稿日期]2015- 10- 16[修回日期] 2015- 12- 31
[文章編號]1000- 4718(2016)03- 0425- 07
雜志網址: http://www.cjpp.net