奔跑吧 奧運

文/五花肉

五環漫談

奔跑吧 奧運

Run,Olympics

文/五花肉

馬拉松是歷史悠久的奧運項目之一，它的誕生源自公元前490年的希波戰爭。當時，希臘在馬拉松海邊擊敗了波斯侵略軍，傳令兵菲迪皮德斯奉命將這一捷報盡快告訴雅典居民。他從馬拉松一路飛奔跑到雅典廣場，高喊：“雅典人，我們勝利了！”之后，便永遠地倒下了。為了紀念這一歷史，1896年舉辦的現代首屆奧林匹克運動會，把一項長跑比賽項目定名為“馬拉松”。

The marathon is one of the oldest Olympic events, which was originated from the Persian War in 490 BC. Pheidippides, a Greek messenger, was dispatched from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon. He ran to the square without stopping, exclaiming Rejoice, we are victorious, and passed away. The marathon event was instituted in commemoration of this historic event when holding the modern Olympic events in 1896.

賽程標準四易其稿Four Times' Changes of Distance Standard

馬拉松項目的賽程，在前三屆奧運會上一直沒有統一的標準：首屆以菲迪皮德斯當初跑過的路線為準，全程40公里；第二屆修改為40.26公里，第三屆又調整回40公里。直到1908年第四屆倫敦奧運會，為了方便英國王室觀看馬拉松比賽，時任奧運會組委會決定將出發點設在倫敦郊外溫莎宮東平臺前的草坪上，終點則設在白城運動場的國王包廂前，全程總長26英里385碼，折合42.195公里，這一標準后來被國際田聯采用，成為如今馬拉松比賽的統一標準。

There was not a standard distance for the event in the first three sessions of modern Olympics. The length of the marathon in the first modern Olympics was 40 km, which was along the route run by Pheidippides. The length of the marathon was 40.26 km which was revised in the second modern Olympics and adjusted to 40 km in the third modern Olympic. In the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, the then-Olympic Committee, set up the race starting in the courtyard of Windsor Castle and ending in front of the Royal Box at White City Stadium. The total length was 26 mile 385 yards, about 42.195 km, which is applied by IAAF as the standard distance of marathon.

專業選材統一標準Standards for Candidates

縱觀歷屆奧運的馬拉松比賽成績，冠軍幾乎被非洲選手包攬，這主要受益于非洲選手獨特的體質，無論是體脂比例、大小腿長度比，還是血液中血紅蛋白含量、以及線粒體的數量和性能，都比其他人種相對優秀。

Throughout the Olympic history, largely thanks to the unique body condition, African athletes almost swept the champions of marathon races. Africans have higher physical advantages than other races, either fat ratio and thigh-shank ratio, or hemoglobin content and quantity and performance of mitochondria.

受此啟發，馬拉松專業運動員的選材一般遵循以下標準：身高介于1.65 m和1.76 m之間，體重指數（BMI）小于20；小腿、跟腱和腳趾要長，踝關節、膝蓋和臀部要小；血紅蛋白（血色素）含量和最大吸氧量則要高，符合這些條件的運動員更適應馬拉松項目對體質的特殊要求。

Inspired by this, generally, the standards for candidates has been developed, namely the height between 1.65 m and 1.76 m; body mass index less than 20; long shank, Achilles's tendon, toe and small ankle, knee andhaunch; high hemoglobin content and maximal oxygen uptake. Such athletes meet the special requirements for body condition in the marathon race.

比賽用水標準嚴格Strict Water Drinking Standard

馬拉松是一項鼓勵全民參與的體育項目，一向以開放和包容著稱，比賽場地多選自城市道路，業余愛好者和專業運動員可以同場競技。但是在專業競技比賽中，對比賽用水的要求卻非常嚴格。

Marathon is an open and inclusive sports event that encourages everyone to participate. Most of the sports venues are urban roads, where amateurs can compete with professional athletes. However, the rule of the water drinking is very strict in professional marathon race.

馬拉松規定，除了比賽的起點和終點，賽程中每隔2.5公里都要設置一個飲料站，提供飲用水和濕海綿，供選手飲用和降低體溫，除此之外，不能從任何其他途徑獲取。Except the start and finish lines, the water station is at every 2.5 km to provide drinking water and wet sponges for hydrating the body and lowering the body temperature. Athletes cannot get water from other ways.

結 語Conclusion

從體育競技到強身健體，從全程馬拉松到半程馬拉松，馬拉松以其不設專業門檻的參賽標準和靈活的賽制創新，成功實現了從奧運向民間的跨越，影響力日益增強，成為風靡世界、全民參與的體育項目。

From sport competition to physical fitness, from full marathon to half marathon, the participation standard without professional restrictions and the innovation in flexible competition system make marathon move toward the folk and become a popular event with the growing influence in the world.

（支持單位：上海市質量和標準化研究院）