從校園走向世界

文/五花肉

從校園走向世界

from the Campus to the World

文/五花肉

籃球運動起源于美國，誕生至今只有100多年，卻從一個簡單的校園體育游戲，飛速成長為奧運會核心比賽項目，進而發展成為世界上最知名的以手為中心的對抗性體育運動。

Originating from America, basketball has been more than 100 years since it was invented. It has rapidly developed from a campus sport to a core event of Olympics, and thus gets to be one of the most antagonistic sports event with a focus on handling skills in the world..

競技標準初成雛形

Initial Competitive Standard

1891年12月21日，美國馬薩諸塞州的體育教師詹姆士·奈史密斯發明了一種叫做“籃球”的體育游戲，以投球進籃子的準確性為勝負標準，深受當地學生的喜愛，一時之間風靡校園。

On December 21st, 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a physical education instructor in Massachusetts, invented a sports game called "basket ball". Its judgment standard was shooting accuracy. It becameone of the local students' favorite games and then was sweeping across campuses.

誕生之初，籃球就明確了比賽用球和籃筐的標準，統一使用英式A型足球和竹制的桃籃，并制定了相應的競賽規則，包括十三個條款，規定不允許帶球跑、抱人、推人、絆人、打人等，這些都成為了籃球運動日后發展必須恪守的鐵律。

In its early time, basketball specified the standard on ball and basket, and unified used soccer ball and a pair of peach baskets. It also made the 13 basic rules, including not allow running with the ball, pushing, holding, tripping and striking in any way of an opponent, which later becomes the core rules in basketball game.

標準助推快速發展

Standards Promote Rapid Development

經過十幾年的快速發展，籃球運動在軟件和硬件上都日趨規范：人們改用標準尺寸的鐵圈代替竹制的桃籃，增設了木質的籃板，統一了比賽的標準場地，并制定了與硬件設施相符的比賽規則。After more than 10 years' development, basketball has been more and more normative both in software and hardware. People used iron hoop in standard size to replace the peach basket, added wood backboard, unified regulation-sized basketball court, and set the rules consistent with the required hardware.

有了標準的推動，兼具趣味性和對抗性的籃球運動，吸引了越來越多愛好者的參與，迅速在全美普及，并逐步傳播到世界各地。1904年，圣路易斯奧運會上第1次出現了籃球表演賽。1936年，籃球在柏林奧運會中被列為正式比賽項目。

With the drive of standards, the antagonism and fun of basketball game attracted more and more basketball fans and quickly spread across America and globally. Basketball became a exhibition event at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis. Basketball was introduced into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin.

從量變到質變

From Quantitative Change to Qualitative Change

1932年，國際籃球聯合會（原名“國際業余籃球聯合會”，通常被稱為國際籃聯）在瑞士日內瓦成立。專業化組織的出現，開啟了籃球運動從量變到質變的進化歷程。

The International Basketball Federation, commonly known as FIBA, was founded in Geneva in 1932. The emergence of professional association opened the way of basketball from quantitative change to qualitative change.

通過制定國際籃球規則，國際籃球聯合會推動了籃球標準體系在世界范圍內的統一、融合，進一步規范了比賽中人與人、人與器材、人與技術等的關系，確保籃球要素各就各位，進而實現復雜協同，形成彼此聯系的有機整體，共同推進不斷發展壯大的籃球運動走向世界。

By defining the international rules of basketball, FIBA promotes the unification and integration of basketball standard system in the world, stipulates the relationship between people and people, people and equipment, people and technology, ensures every element in its position, achieves the complex coordination, creates an interrelated organic whole, and then promotes the ever-growing basketball to move towards world.

結 語

Conclusion

從誕生之初推動籃球加速傳播，到發展期間確保籃球規范發展，縱觀籃球運動的每一次重要的發展和變革，標準都承擔了重要的使命，為籃球從校園走向世界奠定了堅實的基礎。

From driving the spread of basketball at the birth of basketball to making sure the normative development of basketball, in every important stage of development in basketball history, standards make a great contribution and also provide a solid foundation for basketball to move from the campus to the world.

（支持單位：上海市質量和標準化研究院）