董玉德,丁保勇,張國(guó)偉,金國(guó)良,趙錫澄(.合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造省級(jí)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,合肥30009;.江陰市農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢測(cè)中心,江陰4400)
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基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)
董玉德1,丁保勇1,張國(guó)偉1,金國(guó)良2,趙錫澄2
(1.合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造省級(jí)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,合肥230009;2.江陰市農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢測(cè)中心,江陰214400)
摘要:為加強(qiáng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全管理,保證消費(fèi)者身體健康,從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的角度出發(fā),提出基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方案。在危害分析和關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)(hazard analysis and critical control point,HACCP)管理體系的指導(dǎo)下,利用二維碼技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)建和開(kāi)發(fā),實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈上從種植、采收、加工到銷(xiāo)售的全程跟蹤和溯源,有效地加強(qiáng)了對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的監(jiān)管,保證消費(fèi)者最終知情權(quán)。目前,該系統(tǒng)在江蘇江陰地區(qū)實(shí)際測(cè)試效果良好,驗(yàn)證了方案的可行性和有效性。
關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;系統(tǒng);供應(yīng)鏈;質(zhì)量安全;追溯系統(tǒng)
董玉德,丁保勇,張國(guó)偉,金國(guó)良,趙錫澄.基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016,32 (01):280-285.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.039 http://www.tcsae.org
Dong Yude, Ding Baoyong, Zhang Guowei, Jin Guoliang, Zhao Xicheng.Quality and safety traceability system based on agricultural product supply chain[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32 (01): 280-285.(in Chinese with English abstract)doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.039 http://www.tcsae.org
近年來(lái),伴隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也不斷提高,人們更希望吃的健康、安全和放心[1]。然而,關(guān)于食品特別是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題的報(bào)道屢見(jiàn)不鮮,從轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆到鎘大米的問(wèn)題引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注[2]。科學(xué)地監(jiān)管農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種植、生產(chǎn)、加工、流通和銷(xiāo)售過(guò)程,對(duì)于防止突發(fā)或群發(fā)性食品安全事故的出現(xiàn)具有關(guān)鍵性的作用[3]。目前,世界多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)如美國(guó)、加拿大、日本和澳大利亞等已經(jīng)建立了相對(duì)規(guī)范的食品質(zhì)量安全追溯體系,盡管中國(guó)在這方面著手較晚[4-7],但各地方政府和企業(yè)都在努力建設(shè)具有各自鮮明特色的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品追溯系統(tǒng),如北京市、山東省壽光市、海南省等地都建設(shè)具有各自特色的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)平臺(tái),國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)信息化工程技術(shù)研究中心楊信廷等人從果蔬、畜牧和水產(chǎn)等方面對(duì)于建立農(nóng)產(chǎn)品追溯系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了深入研究,并進(jìn)行了示范[8]。
針對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)空間分散、規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)程度低、規(guī)范化生產(chǎn)條件差的實(shí)際情況,在分析中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀和存在的問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上,借鑒已有農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量安全追溯體系的研究成果,基于信息技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和二維碼技術(shù)等對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全進(jìn)行追溯。建立基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的跟蹤和溯源,既可以讓政府監(jiān)管部門(mén)實(shí)時(shí)跟蹤農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)情況,加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品各環(huán)節(jié)的監(jiān)督和管理,又可以在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品發(fā)生質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題時(shí),精準(zhǔn)定位農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的環(huán)節(jié),并對(duì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)品及時(shí)召回,查明問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的原因,避免事件的升級(jí)[9],提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量水平。
從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的角度出發(fā),對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行剖析,考慮到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈具有參與者較多,并且分布在不同地域,不確定因素多的特點(diǎn),為提高系統(tǒng)的追溯性能,系統(tǒng)采用面向服務(wù)的體系架構(gòu)(sevice-oriented architecture,SOA)設(shè)計(jì)[10],將系統(tǒng)分為用戶(hù)層、展示層、應(yīng)用層、支撐服務(wù)層、數(shù)據(jù)層、設(shè)備層,其體系架構(gòu)如圖1所示。

圖1 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)模型架構(gòu)Fig.1 Model framework of agricultural product quality and safety traceability system
1)設(shè)備層,以服務(wù)器為中心,以電子標(biāo)簽打印機(jī)、WX-201全自動(dòng)農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)儀、無(wú)線(xiàn)二維碼掃描儀等為信息采集終端,并以網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊設(shè)備為橋梁,構(gòu)成農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)的硬件框架,該層是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)。
2)數(shù)據(jù)層,是支撐系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ),其中包括與系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯密切相關(guān)的所有數(shù)據(jù)以及對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行增、刪、改、查的所有操作。基于對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的調(diào)研分析,結(jié)合農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)的業(yè)務(wù)功能需求,按照系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立的基本流程,構(gòu)建農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),為系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)流和信息流的有效集成提供數(shù)據(jù)支持,實(shí)現(xiàn)從種植到最終產(chǎn)品的正向追蹤及其過(guò)程的反向追溯,實(shí)現(xiàn)消費(fèi)者、企業(yè)、政府單位之間的信息共享。數(shù)據(jù)層的信息包括:①企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):企業(yè)名稱(chēng)、工商注冊(cè)登記號(hào)、負(fù)責(zé)人等;②產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)、產(chǎn)品編號(hào)、種植日期、采收日期、銷(xiāo)售客戶(hù)等;③其它數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):標(biāo)識(shí)打印數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、編碼數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、溯源數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、系統(tǒng)用戶(hù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)等。
3)支撐服務(wù)層,SOA支撐服務(wù)層是整個(gè)平臺(tái)的中心,其強(qiáng)大的整合能力是整個(gè)平臺(tái)的基礎(chǔ),為設(shè)計(jì)基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)和信息處理提供技術(shù)服務(wù)支持,主要包括:面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)架構(gòu)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)組件服務(wù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信能力服務(wù)、數(shù)據(jù)同步、工作流引擎、權(quán)限管理等。
4)應(yīng)用層,針對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)和核心內(nèi)容,按照農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈流程,劃分為基地注冊(cè)子系統(tǒng)[11]、基地生產(chǎn)管理子系統(tǒng)、企業(yè)管理管理子系統(tǒng)、政府監(jiān)管子系統(tǒng)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品溯源查詢(xún)子系統(tǒng),整個(gè)系統(tǒng)具有實(shí)現(xiàn)多維數(shù)據(jù)輸入、全程追溯管理、接口功能強(qiáng)大的特點(diǎn)。
5)展示層,為系統(tǒng)用戶(hù)提供人機(jī)交互接口,系統(tǒng)采用Web的方式供用戶(hù)操作,不同用戶(hù)可根據(jù)權(quán)限利用智能手機(jī)、筆記本、平板電腦等多種渠道進(jìn)行交互。對(duì)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)內(nèi)部用戶(hù)來(lái)說(shuō),提供的是一個(gè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)管理子系統(tǒng),方便企業(yè)用戶(hù)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)相關(guān)信息的跟蹤和管理;對(duì)政府監(jiān)管用戶(hù)來(lái)講,提供的是一個(gè)政府監(jiān)管子系統(tǒng),便于政府機(jī)構(gòu)人員對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)檔案信息的審核和管理,實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上辦公,提高監(jiān)管效率;對(duì)于廣大普通消費(fèi)者而言,提供的是一個(gè)快捷的信息查詢(xún)服務(wù)平臺(tái),消費(fèi)者通過(guò)掃描二維碼或者手動(dòng)輸入追溯碼的方式來(lái)查詢(xún)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)檔案信息,增加信息透明度和公開(kāi)度,保障消費(fèi)者的知情權(quán)。
6)用戶(hù)層,指對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)有明確需求的所有用戶(hù)。包括:監(jiān)管部門(mén)人員、基地人員、企業(yè)人員、消費(fèi)者和管理員等。
2.1農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量控制和追溯業(yè)務(wù)流程設(shè)計(jì)
系統(tǒng)從農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的角度出發(fā),以追溯精度和深度為切入點(diǎn),以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品流通過(guò)程為主線(xiàn),通過(guò)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的種植、采收、加工包裝和銷(xiāo)售等流程進(jìn)行剖析,設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)信息備案、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)檔案管理及銷(xiāo)售管理等功能模塊,來(lái)滿(mǎn)足企業(yè)日常經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的需要,在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)檔案的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)質(zhì)檢機(jī)構(gòu)的認(rèn)證和檢測(cè)合格后,然后對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一規(guī)范地編碼,完成農(nóng)產(chǎn)品二維碼的生成、打印和粘貼,最后通過(guò)智能移動(dòng)終端掃描、網(wǎng)站查詢(xún)或超市自助終端查詢(xún)等方式完成農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的追溯,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品從“農(nóng)田到餐桌[12]”的質(zhì)量安全正向跟蹤與反向溯源[13]。其核心業(yè)務(wù)流程圖如圖2所示。

圖2 系統(tǒng)核心業(yè)務(wù)流程Fig.2 System core business process
2.2系統(tǒng)功能結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)是以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品二維碼標(biāo)簽作為信息載體,針對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品從種植到銷(xiāo)售各環(huán)節(jié)的質(zhì)量安全數(shù)據(jù)信息進(jìn)行及時(shí)采集和上傳,給農(nóng)產(chǎn)品建立檔案數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),為生產(chǎn)者對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù),同時(shí)也為政府監(jiān)管部門(mén)提供有效的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)督管理機(jī)制和手段[14],為最終消費(fèi)者提供及時(shí)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯查詢(xún)服務(wù),當(dāng)消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題時(shí),可以向相應(yīng)的單位協(xié)商解決或向政府監(jiān)管部門(mén)進(jìn)行反應(yīng)和投訴,實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)、生產(chǎn)和銷(xiāo)售全過(guò)程的閉環(huán)管理。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)工程中頂層設(shè)計(jì)的思想,采用模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)方法來(lái)劃分系統(tǒng)主要功能模塊,系統(tǒng)功能主要?jiǎng)澐譃榛刈?cè)子系統(tǒng)、基地生產(chǎn)管理子系統(tǒng)、企業(yè)管理子系統(tǒng)、政府監(jiān)管子系統(tǒng)和信息查詢(xún)子系統(tǒng),每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)又可分為多個(gè)小模塊,這樣就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)完整的基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全可追溯系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)功能模塊如圖3所示。
2.3數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)所產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)流,按照數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)構(gòu)建的步驟對(duì)系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行規(guī)范設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)索引、排序、查詢(xún)、編輯等完整的數(shù)據(jù)管理,系統(tǒng)采用存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程來(lái)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行操作,這樣可以提高對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作的效率。根據(jù)實(shí)際的調(diào)研和需求分析,創(chuàng)建如下數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表[15]:生產(chǎn)基地基本信息表(T_baseinfo)、基地人員信息表(T_baseperson)、基地環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)信息表(T_plotenvironment)、生產(chǎn)檔案表(T_productionbatch)、種植分布表(T_plantingdistribution)、投入品采購(gòu)表(T_inputsinfo)、田間作業(yè)表(T_farmwork)、采收信息表(T_harvestinfo)、農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)表(T_testinfo)、標(biāo)識(shí)打印表(T_testinfo)、產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售表(T_productsale)、用戶(hù)表(T_users)、登錄日志表(T_loginlog)等。以上數(shù)據(jù)表記錄了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品從種植到銷(xiāo)售全過(guò)程詳細(xì)的信息,為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品建立電子檔案,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)履歷信息的統(tǒng)一管理。

圖3 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)功能模塊圖Fig.3 Functional block diagram of agricultural product quality and safety traceability system
2.4系統(tǒng)核心功能設(shè)計(jì)
2.4.1二維碼的設(shè)計(jì)
對(duì)于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)方法有很多,比如無(wú)線(xiàn)射頻識(shí)別[16](radio frequency identification,RFID)、技術(shù)、一維條形碼技術(shù)、二維條形碼技術(shù)等,但是標(biāo)識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)要考慮低成本、可靠性、易用性等因素,并且考慮到為實(shí)現(xiàn)追溯碼的自動(dòng)獲取,系統(tǒng)采用快速響應(yīng)矩陣碼[17](quick response code,QR Code)技術(shù)。
1)溯源控制節(jié)點(diǎn)設(shè)置,確定編碼對(duì)象
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全可追溯的目標(biāo),需要對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)管理,各環(huán)節(jié)用特定的計(jì)算機(jī)編碼表示,可以保證不同產(chǎn)地、不同種類(lèi)、不同生產(chǎn)批次和采收批次農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的獨(dú)特性[18]。本文以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)與流通過(guò)程為主線(xiàn),在HACCP管理體系的指導(dǎo)下,對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,找出影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的關(guān)鍵要素,并設(shè)置溯源控制節(jié)點(diǎn),根據(jù)生產(chǎn)流通過(guò)程中能唯一標(biāo)識(shí)不同產(chǎn)地、不同種類(lèi)、不同批次(種植、采收)的環(huán)節(jié),把生產(chǎn)企業(yè)地區(qū)編號(hào)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)地號(hào)、產(chǎn)品登記號(hào)、生產(chǎn)批次號(hào)、采收批次號(hào)等關(guān)鍵要素確定為編碼對(duì)象。
2)編碼規(guī)則設(shè)計(jì)
確定農(nóng)產(chǎn)品編碼對(duì)象后,就需要對(duì)這些編碼對(duì)象進(jìn)行編碼管理,將農(nóng)產(chǎn)品文字信息轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)字信息。根據(jù)已確定的編碼對(duì)象,按照《NY/T 1430-2007》[19]的規(guī)定,首先采用農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)地編碼格式,共20位,確定農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)地編碼,用于不同企業(yè)或環(huán)節(jié)之間的外部追溯。再根據(jù)產(chǎn)品登記號(hào)(3位)、生產(chǎn)批次號(hào)(3位)、采收批次號(hào)(3位),共9位,確定產(chǎn)品信息碼,用于企業(yè)內(nèi)部各環(huán)節(jié)之間的內(nèi)部追溯,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯碼結(jié)構(gòu)示例如圖4所示。

圖4 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯碼結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.4 Structure diagram of agricultural product quality and safety trace bar code
3)數(shù)字信息轉(zhuǎn)化為圖形信息
在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中用批次編碼來(lái)表示,而在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品包裝完成后則用追溯二維碼表示,對(duì)于二維碼的生產(chǎn),首先設(shè)置編碼方式和版本,其次設(shè)置錯(cuò)誤校驗(yàn)的級(jí)別,最后通過(guò)調(diào)用QRCodeEncoder類(lèi)中的二維碼生成函數(shù)將數(shù)據(jù)信息轉(zhuǎn)化為二維碼圖形,以江陰市徐霞客鎮(zhèn)馬鎮(zhèn)陽(yáng)莊村滕國(guó)俊陽(yáng)莊菜業(yè)專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社生產(chǎn)的菠菜為例,追溯碼為32028110421282000001121152001,生成二維碼如圖5所示。

圖5 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品溯源二維碼Fig.5 Agricultural quick response code for tracing
2.4.2基于智能移動(dòng)終端的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量追溯
對(duì)于貼有二維碼追溯標(biāo)簽的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品后如果發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,可通過(guò)超市自助查詢(xún)終端、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、熱線(xiàn)電話(huà)等方式查詢(xún)到該產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全信息,對(duì)于普通用戶(hù),可以登錄門(mén)戶(hù)網(wǎng)站手動(dòng)輸入追溯碼來(lái)獲得該農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)信息。對(duì)于智能手機(jī)用戶(hù),可以通過(guò)手機(jī)自帶的二維碼掃描軟件來(lái)快速獲得產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)信息[20],這樣農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量追溯更加便捷,實(shí)現(xiàn)即時(shí)查詢(xún)。其具體的實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程如下:當(dāng)用戶(hù)通過(guò)二維碼掃描或在PC機(jī)手動(dòng)輸入追溯碼后,首先,通過(guò)調(diào)用AJAX[21](asynchronous JavaScript and XML)引擎通過(guò)VPN[22](virtual private network)專(zhuān)線(xiàn)向托管在ISP[23](internet service provider)中心機(jī)房的服務(wù)器發(fā)起含有追溯碼參數(shù)的HTTP請(qǐng)求,服務(wù)器接收請(qǐng)求后通過(guò)Sql語(yǔ)句來(lái)獲取農(nóng)產(chǎn)品溯源數(shù)據(jù),再通過(guò)JSON[24](JavaScript object notation)序列化和反序列化后將數(shù)據(jù)返回客戶(hù)端,用字符串分隔工具解析成界面展示所需的格式。其系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)處理機(jī)制如圖6所示。

圖6 移動(dòng)終端設(shè)備數(shù)據(jù)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)協(xié)作圖Fig.6 Data access collaboration diagram of mobile terminal equipment
系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)采用流行的B/S架構(gòu)[25],以Microsoft Visual Studio 2008為開(kāi)發(fā)工具,以Microsoft SQL Server 2008為后臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理工具,借助jQuery EasyUI和HighCharts前端框架,以C#、JavaScript為開(kāi)發(fā)語(yǔ)言,并利用Ajax異步交互技術(shù)和JSON數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)出適用于不同環(huán)境的Web應(yīng)用。系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品可追溯管理的目標(biāo),并對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈從種植到銷(xiāo)售各環(huán)節(jié)質(zhì)量安全進(jìn)行全程動(dòng)態(tài)管理,是一個(gè)面向多用戶(hù)、多層次、多功能的綜合性信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。目前,系統(tǒng)已在江蘇省江陰市進(jìn)行試運(yùn)行(http:// www.jyfxncp.com.cn/Jysy)。經(jīng)過(guò)試用,系統(tǒng)功能模塊運(yùn)行良好,滿(mǎn)足各種層面的信息需求,系統(tǒng)功能實(shí)現(xiàn)部分模塊截圖如圖7所示。

圖7 系統(tǒng)界面示例Fig.7 Demonstration of quality traceability system interface
在借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,從供應(yīng)鏈的角度出發(fā),綜合運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、二維碼技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代管理方法等跨平臺(tái)多領(lǐng)域技術(shù),構(gòu)建了基于供應(yīng)鏈的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)內(nèi)部信息管理及向下游追蹤產(chǎn)品流向,消費(fèi)者通過(guò)多渠道向上游追溯產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)細(xì)節(jié)等信息融合與共享,增強(qiáng)了透明度,減少了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈過(guò)程中存在的多種信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)因素,可以增強(qiáng)消費(fèi)者的安全感。同時(shí),政府管理部門(mén)通過(guò)該系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的遠(yuǎn)程可視化監(jiān)控和網(wǎng)上辦公,提高監(jiān)管效率。
目前,在溫室農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的種植生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,還沒(méi)有通過(guò)利用光照度采集儀、溫濕度傳感器、CO2濃度傳感器等傳感設(shè)備采集數(shù)據(jù),沒(méi)有設(shè)計(jì)Zigbee和GPRS網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)采集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行傳輸和分析,缺乏對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程進(jìn)行科學(xué)、高效的管理。此外,在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^(guò)程中,還沒(méi)有設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)門(mén)的通信協(xié)議支持下的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以將車(chē)載GPS的數(shù)據(jù)信息,實(shí)時(shí)傳輸?shù)椒?wù)器,缺少智能終端對(duì)車(chē)輛信息的GIS可視化監(jiān)測(cè)。為了打造功能豐富、用戶(hù)體驗(yàn)度高的基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的追溯系統(tǒng),這兩塊內(nèi)容將是下一步研究的重點(diǎn)。
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Quality and safety traceability system based on agricultural product supply chain
Dong Yude1, Ding Baoyong1, Zhang Guowei1, Jin Guoliang2, Zhao Xicheng2
(1.Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Design and Manufacture, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;2.Jiangyin Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality and Security, Jiangyin 214400, China)
Abstract:Agricultural product safety problems occur frequently and this makes people nervous.So it is important to strengthen the management on quality and safety of agricultural products.From the perspective of supply chain of agricultural products, the paper presented a quality and safety traceability system.Firstly, the characteristics of agricultural product supply chain and system requirements were analyzed.The system adopted the architecture of multi-layer distributed system.The whole system could be divided into 6 layers including user layer, interface layer, application layer, support service layer, data layer and equipment layer.Secondly, according to the actual needs of the system, the paper illustrated business process of agricultural product supply chain.Based on the idea of the top level design in system engineering, the modular design method was adopted to divide the system main functional modules.The system could be divided into 5 subsystems which included register, production, enterprise management, government supervision and traceability subsystem.Database was the basic part of the system.On the basis of the principle of consistency, integrity, security and scalability, each table in the database was standardized in design.The QR(quick response)code was the most important part in the whole system.In order to expound the process that QR code was generated, a lot of work needed to be done.Under the guidance of HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control point)management system, and after analysis on possible dangers of the agricultural product supply chain, the paper described key factors affecting the quality and safety of agricultural products, and then encoding objects were identified.These encoding objects referred to the origin of agricultural products, product registration number, production batch and harvest batch.Based on certain rules about agricultural product encoding, each encoding object corresponded to a series of numbers.After the digital information was transformed into graphic information, the QR code came out.Each user could scan QR code through a mobile phone or computer to obtain detailed information on agricultural products.System implementation used the popular B/S architecture, took the HighCharts and jQuery as front frames; and with the help of the AJAX(asynchronous JavaScript and XML)asynchronous interaction and JSON(JavaScript object notation)data transmission technologies, this system could be successfully realized.Finally, the article showed the interfaces of some functional modules to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system.The system realizes the agricultural products whole supply chain of the entire process of tracking and tracing which was from the planting, harvesting and processing to the sales.The government management department could realize the on-line office work and improve the supervision efficiency through this system.Agricultural product production and management enterprises could standardize the production operation process, and improve the production management efficiency.Consumers could obtain product information through computers, mobile phones and so forth.If there was a problem of agricultural product quality and safety, consumers could protect their legitimate rights through legal channels.Development of agricultural products quality and safety traceability system was a cooperative project which was designed by Hefei University of Technology and Jiangyin Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality and Security.After expert evaluation, the system has passed the project acceptance.
Keywords:gricultural products; systems;supply chain; aquality and safety; traceability system
作者簡(jiǎn)介:董玉德,男,安徽舒城人,教授,博士,主要從事制造業(yè)信息化與農(nóng)業(yè)信息化研究。合肥合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造省級(jí)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,230009。Email:dydjiaoshou@126.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51275145)
收稿日期:2015-07-18
修訂日期:2015-11-17
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TP311.5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1002-6819(2016)-01-0280-06
doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.039