徐樹德
摘要:文章對“直接還原鐵”的英譯進行了調研。結果表明:將direct reduction iron作為“直接還原鐵”的英譯文是錯誤的。通過對英文原版鋼鐵專業文獻的研讀,給出了“直接還原鐵”正確的英譯文。
關鍵詞:漢英翻譯,直接還原鐵,正確英譯文
中圖分類號:H059;H083文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1673-8578(2015)06-0023-03
“直接還原鐵”,是鋼鐵專業文獻經常遇到的重要專業術語,是指鐵礦石在低于熔化溫度的工藝條件下通過直接還原而獲得的金屬鐵產品。它具有含碳量低、成分穩定、雜質較少等優點,是冶煉高級合金鋼和純凈鋼的理想原料。
“直接還原鐵”如何英譯?
筆者所做的調查表明:從冶金百科辭典到鋼鐵工業主題詞表,乃至冶金專業期刊,幾乎眾口一詞地將“直接還原鐵”翻譯成direct reduction iron,并且廣為流行。請看以下實例:
例1.直接還原鐵 direct reduction iron (《中國冶金百科全書》[1])
例2.直接還原鐵 direct reduction iron (《鋼鐵工業主題詞表》[2])
目前在冶金界廣為使用的《漢英冶金工業詞典》亦將direct reduction iron作為“直接還原鐵”的英文對應詞之一[3]。
通過中國知網的CNKI翻譯助手查詢,含有將“直接還原鐵”翻譯成direct reduction iron的雙語例句竟然多達27個之多,來源包括十多種專業期刊,如《特殊鋼》《冶金自動化》《化工冶金》《工業加熱》《礦業工程》《山東冶金》《耐火材料》等。
“直接還原鐵”的等值英譯文果真是direct reduction iron嗎?
一個專業術語,其英文該如何表達,除中國特有事物外,只能以英、美國家經過長期生產實踐、科學實驗、信息交流而形成或確定的專業術語為準,即翻譯界公認的“約定俗成”原則。“直接還原鐵”是國際通用的鋼鐵產品,因此筆者首先查閱了大量英文原版鋼鐵文獻。按道理,鋼鐵領域如此重要的一個專業術語,在英文原版鋼鐵文獻中應該是不難查到的。但在英文原版鋼鐵文獻中一直未見direct reduction iron的蹤影。
一方面是direct reduction iron在中國出版的專業文獻、詞典工具書中作為“直接還原鐵”的英譯文大量出現;另一方面是該英文詞組在英文原版鋼鐵文獻中隱形遁跡。由此基本上可以做出判斷:direct reduction iron是按中國人的思維模式,對號入座、逐字死譯的產物。
隨著英文原版鋼鐵文獻查閱的逐步深入,“直接還原鐵”準確、地道的英文對應詞逐漸得以顯現,并通過英文原版www.businessdictionary.com 網站提供的定義(例6)得到確認,這就是:direct reduced iron。請看以下英文原版實例:
例3.Steel is produced from a combination of scrap and direct reduced iron (DRI) obtained from a plant that Birmingham operates with GS Industries on a 50/50 basis in Convent, La.American Iron Reduction.[4] (注意:本例句及以下例句中的下劃線均系筆者所加)
例4.World production of direct reduced iron (DRI) increased to 13.66 million metric tons in 1987, according to figures compiled by Midrex Corporation. [5]
例5.In addition to developing ore mines in Australia, there has been a considerable amount of activity in terms of supplying the future Chinese industry, both with iron ore and directreduced iron.[6]
例6.Direct reduced iron (DRI) definition: Alternative iron source produced by heating an iron ore (generally having 65 to 70 percent iron) at a temperature high enough to burn off its carbon and oxygen content (a process called reduction) but below irons melting point(1535℃ or 2795℃). The output is sold as pellets or briquettes (called hot briquetted iron or HBI) and contains from 90 to 97 percent pure iron, the rest being mainly carbon with trace amounts of other impurities. DRI is consumed primarily by mini steel mills (which can melt only rich sources of metal, such as steel scrap, but not iron ore) to improve the quality of their steel. Since the reduction process consumes prodigious amounts of natural gas, it is economically viable only where natural gas is abundant and relatively cheap (such as in Trinidad & Tobago). Also called sponge iron due to its porous nature. [7]endprint
看來,“直接還原鐵”中“還原”二字的英文用詞是有固定搭配的,即只能用 “此還原”——reduced,而不能用 “彼還原”——reduction。
由此又引出了新話題——為什么“直接還原鐵”英文中的“還原”只能用reduced,而不能用reduction呢?這就要從“直接還原鐵”的內涵說起了。“直接還原鐵”是鐵礦石在低于熔化溫度下直接還原成的金屬鐵的產品。漢語是重意合的語言,在“直接還原鐵”的這個定義中,雖未直白地說出“被”字,但業內人士都知道鐵礦石是“被”一氧化碳等還原性氣體還原成鐵的;而英文是重形合的語言,漢語有意而無字的部分,英文中常常要通過詞的形態變化或增字等手段加以表達。就本例而言,漢語“直接還原鐵”中雖沒有“被”字,但仍含有“被”的意思;而在英語中表示這個“被”的含義的形式是不能少的。reduced是英語reduce(還原)的過去分詞,而根據英語語法,過去分詞形式的reduced正好體現了“被”還原的含義。故漢語“直接還原鐵”中“還原”之英文,非reduced莫屬。
行文至此,reduction在“直接還原鐵”的英譯文中已被擯除。但這是否意味著在表示含有“直接還原”的詞組中,reduction就英雄無用武之地了呢?
請看以下英文原版鋼鐵文獻實例:
例7.Midrex Direct Reduction Corp. (Midrex) and parent company, Kobe Steel, Ltd. (KSL) have developed a new direct reduction process, called SPIREX, that uses iron ore fines and natural gas, as the oxide and reductant sources respectively, to produce direct reduced iron (DRI) fines or hot briquetted iron (HBI). [8]
注意其中的Direct Reduction Corp.和direct reduction process。由此可見,在表示“直接還原公司”和“直接還原工藝”中的“還原”時,reduction不僅有用武之地,它還是reduced不可替換的固定搭配。試想一下,如若將Direct Reduction Corp.和direct reduction process中的reduction分別更改為reduced,那么更改后得到的Direct Reduced Corp.和direct reduced process豈不變成了“直接被還原的公司”和“直接被還原的工藝”。鐵礦石可以“被還原”,燒結礦可以“被還原”,而“公司”和“工藝”是萬萬不可“被還原”。
參考文獻
[1] 中國冶金百科全書總編輯委員會《鋼鐵冶金》卷編輯委員會.中國冶金百科全書(鋼鐵冶金卷)[M] .北京:冶金工業出版社,2001:713.
[2] 嚴關寶.鋼鐵工業主題詞表[M].2版.北京:冶金部情報標準研究總所,1991:427.
[3] 明舉新.漢英冶金工業詞典[M].3版.長沙:中南大學出版社,2010:1786.
[4] IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER[J].Vol. 75, No. 5:19.
[5] IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER[J].Vol. 65, No. 4:7.
[6] Hogan W T. Steel in the 21st Century: Competition Forges a New World Order[M]. New Work:Lexington Books, 1994:39.
[7] Direct reduced iron (DRI) definition[EB/OL].(2015-08-23) [2015-11-28].http:∥www.businessdictionary.com/definition/directreducedironDRI.html.
[8] IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER[J]. Vol. 74, No. 1:36.endprint