韓 玉,沈洪麗,苗曉云,回 志,吳忠榮,張曉衛
(河北省滄州市中心醫院重癥醫學科,河北 滄州 061001)
·論著·
中心靜脈壓與全心舒張末容積指數預測機械通氣的感染性休克患者液體反應性準確性的比較
韓玉,沈洪麗,苗曉云,回志,吳忠榮,張曉衛
(河北省滄州市中心醫院重癥醫學科,河北 滄州 061001)
[摘要]目的比較中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)與全心舒張末容積指數(global end diastolic volume index,GEDVI)預測機械通氣的感染性休克患者液體反應性的準確性。方法55例機械通氣的感染性休克患者進行55次液體負荷試驗,經靜脈以6 mL/kg30 min輸注6%羥乙基淀粉200/0.5,經右頸內靜脈或鎖骨下靜脈監測CVP,采用脈搏指示連續心輸出量(pulse-induced contour cardiac output,PiCCO)監測液體負荷前后心臟指數(cardiac index,CI)、GEDVI,將CI增加值(△CI)≥15%定義為液體反應陽性。觀察液體負荷試驗前后血流動力學的變化,評價CVP、GEDVI與△CI的相關性。結果容量治療有反應者治療后CVP變化率高于容量治療無反應者,但差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);容量治療有反應者治療后GEDVI變化率高于容量治療無反應者,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。容量治療后CVP及GEDVI與治療前之差為增量,發現△CVP與△CI無明顯相關性,而△GEDVI與△CI呈正相關(r=0.816,P<0.01)。結論與CVP相比,GEDVI能夠更好地反映感染性休克患者心臟前負荷,能夠預測液體反應性。
[關鍵詞]休克;呼吸,人工;中心靜脈壓;心排血量
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2015.04.003
適當的容量治療可以使感染性休克患者恢復合適的有效循環血量,保證適宜的心臟前負荷,提高心輸出量,是治療感染性休克的關鍵手段之一[1]。液體反應性是臨床最常用評估容量治療的指標。液體反應陽性常指通過擴容治療后,心臟指數(cardiac index,CI)或每搏輸出量增加≥15%[2-4]。臨床常用的反映前負荷的指標包括壓力負荷和容積負荷指標。中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)因臨床較易獲得而最常用來指導容量復蘇。但研究顯示CVP預測液體反應性的價值非常有限[5-6],全心舒張末容積指數(global end diastolic volume index,GEDVI)預測液體反應性更可靠[7-9]。本研究對CVP和GEDVI在預測機械通氣的感染性休克患者液體反應性的準確性進行比較,以期為臨床容量治療選擇監測指標提供依據。報告如下。
1資料與方法
1.1病例選擇選擇2011年6月—2014年1月我院收治的感染性休克后并發呼吸衰竭患者55例,均符合重度膿毒癥和感染性休克的診斷標準[10],包括外科術后感染、肺部感染、急性重癥胰腺炎合并腹腔感染和中心靜脈導管相關性感染。男性31例,女性24例,年齡18~64歲,平均(52±11)歲。急性生理和慢性健康狀況評分13~31分,未合并急性心肌梗死或嚴重心臟瓣膜疾病。本研究已獲我院醫學倫理委員會批準,患者或家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法進行氣管插管,接Evta4型呼吸機(Draeger公司,德國),進行容量控制通氣,潮氣量8~10 mL/kg,吸氣流速為30 L/min,呼吸末正壓通氣(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)5~10 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),通氣頻率14~20次/min,吸入氧濃度40%~100%,維持脈搏血氧飽和度>90%,容量治療前30 min內不調整PEEP。
1.3血流動力學監測行右頸內靜脈或鎖骨下靜脈穿刺,置入雙腔靜脈導管,股動脈放置4F熱敏電阻絲的導管(Pulsion公司,德國),靜脈及動脈導管均接壓力換能器及內嵌脈搏指示連續心輸出量(pulse-index continuous cardiac output,PiCCO)模塊的MP30監測儀(Philips公司,荷蘭)監測CVP及有創動脈壓,并采用經肺溫度稀釋與脈搏輪廓分析技術,自中心靜脈導管快速(約5 s)注入0~8 ℃生理鹽水15 mL,連續3次,取3次測定結果的平均值,每次誤差<10%,計算CI及GEDVI。
經右頸內靜脈或鎖骨下靜脈以6 mL/kg30 min輸注6%羥乙基淀粉200/0.5(批號 810M021,Fresenius Kabi公司,德國)。記錄容量治療前和容量治療后CVP、GEDVI及CI。計算容量治療后與治療前CVP、GEDVI及CI的差值,分別記為△CVP、△GEDVI和△CI。計算CVP及GEDVI的變化率[(容量治療后即刻CVP或GEDVI-容量治療前CVP或GEDVI)÷容量治療前CVP或GEDVI×100%],以CI增加幅度≥15%作為液體反應陽性的標準,分為無反應者和有反應者。

2結果
2.1有無反應者CVP和GEDVI變化率比較有反應者和無反應者容量治療前后CVP變化率差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),有反應者和無反應者容量治療前后GEDVI變化率差異有統計學意義(P<0.01),見表1。

表1 容量治療前后CVP及GEDVI變化率的比較Table 1 Comparison of change rate of CVP and GEDVI before and after volume treatment
2.2相關性分析△CVP與△CI無相關性(r=0.122,P>0.05),而△GEDVI與△CI呈正相關(r=0.816,P<0.01),見圖1,2。

圖1 △CVP與△CI相關性Figure 1 Correlation between △CVP and △CI

圖2 △AEDVI與△CI相關性Figure 2 Correlation between △GEDVI and △CI
3討論
CVP近似于右心房壓力,反映右心壓力負荷和血管內容量,廣泛應用于臨床,作為指導液體復蘇的重要指標之一[11]。Osman等[2]回顧分析96例感染性休克患者的150次容量治療(20 min內輸入500 mL 6%羥乙基淀粉),結果顯示以CVP(<8 mmHg)預測擴容有效(CI增加≥15%)的陽性預測值僅為47%。本研究結果顯示,容量復蘇有反應者(CI增加≥15%)CVP變化率雖高于容量復蘇無反應者,但差異無統計學意義。這與PEEP使胸腔內壓力升高有關,壓力可以從氣道傳導至胸腔內和大血管而影響CVP數值,CVP指導容量治療的意義下降。CVP同時還受血容量、腹內壓、血管張力、心肌收縮力及左右心臟順應性不同等多個因素影響[12-13]。所以,CVP無法正確反映個體前負荷情況。
與壓力負荷指標相比,容積指標能夠更直接地反映心肌長度的變化,在壓力變化中保持相對獨立,測量不會受到胸內壓或腹腔內壓變化的影響,在臨床中日益廣泛應用[9]。本研究結果顯示,容量治療有反應者GEDVI變化率高于容量治療無反應者,差異有統計學意義,且△GEDVI與△CI相關性好,比CVP能更好地反映感染性休克患者心臟前負荷。Michard等[3]對27例感染性休克患者的77次擴容治療研究顯示,擴容治療有反應組GEDVI顯著低于無反應組;在低GEDVI組(413~611 mL/m2),擴容治療有反應的陽性率為77%,在中間GEDVI組(615~785 mL/m2),陽性率為23%,高GEDVI組(816~1 174 mL/m2),陽性率為23%;GEDVI>900 mL/m2,擴容治療陽性率為20%,GEDVI>950 mL/m2,擴容治療陽性率為0%,GEDVI<550 mL/m2,擴容治療陽性率為89%,GEDVI<500 mL/m2,擴容治療陽性率為100%。由此可見,容積負荷指標在正常范圍上限或下限時預測液體反應性有其實際價值,而對于中間范圍時,則不能區分出患者對擴容治療是否有效,預測液體反應性意義有限。因此,GEVDI預測液體反應性與壓力指標相比具有一定優勢,但仍有一定局限性,臨床仍應結合多個指標綜合判斷。
綜上所述,對于機械通氣的感染性休克患者GEDVI比CVP能夠更好地反映感染性休克患者心臟前負荷,能更準確地預測液體反應性,以便指導容量治療。
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(本文編輯:趙麗潔)
[收稿日期]2014-11-05;[修回日期]2014-12-03
[作者簡介]韓玉(1978-),男,河北黃驊人,河北省滄州市中心醫院副主任醫師,醫學學士,從事重癥醫學科疾病診治研究。
[中圖分類號]R541.64
[文獻標志碼]A
[文章編號]1007-3205(2015)04-0381-04
Comparison of central venous pressure and global end diastolic volume index predicting fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock
HAN Yu,SHEN Hong-li,MIAO Xiao-yun,HUI Zhi,WU Zhong-rong,ZHANG Xiao-wei
(Intensive Care Unit,Central Hospital of Cangzhou City,Hebei Province,Cangzhou 061001,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo assess fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock by central venous pressure(CVP) and global end diastolic volume index(GEDVI).MethodsFifty-five mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock underwent 55 liquid load tests(LLT),within 30 minutes,the subjects received an intravenous infusion of 6 ml/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch(200/0.5).The CVP was monitored through a catheter introduced via the right internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein.The cardiac index(CI) and GEDVI before and after fluid loading were monitored by pulse-induced contour cardiac output(PiCCO).Positive fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in CI(△CI) by 15% or more.Hemodynamic changes before and after LLT were observed and the correlations between CVP,GEDVI and △CI were assessed.ResultsThe change rate of CVP after volume treatment of responders was higher than that of non-responders,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05).The change rate of GEDVI after volume treatment of responders was higher than that of non-responders,there was significant difference(P<0.01).CVP and GEDVI before the resuscitation showed increase after the resuscitation.There was no significant correlation between △CVP and △CI,while there was positive correlation between △GEDVI and △CI(r=0.816,P<0.01).ConclusionCompared with CVP,GEDVI can better reflect cardiac preload in septic shock patients,and predict fluid responsiveness.
[Key words]shock;respiration,artificial;central venous pressure;cardiac output