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抗生素利福平對Q 煙粉虱防御基因表達水平的影響

2015-12-09 09:12:18劉凌云方藝偉張友軍
環境昆蟲學報 2015年5期
關鍵詞:影響

劉凌云,蘇 奇,方藝偉,張友軍,褚 棟*

(1.青島農業大學農學與植物保護學院,山東省植物病蟲害綜合防控重點實驗室,山東青島 266109;2.中國農業科學院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081)

煙粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)屬半翅目Hemiptera 粉虱科Aleyrodidae,是一個由至少31 個隱種組成的物種復合體(Dinsdale et al.,2010;Xu et al.,2010;De Barro et al.,2011;Wang et al.,2013)。煙粉虱寄主十分廣泛,它可通過直接取食韌皮部汁液,或分泌蜜露誘發煤污病及傳播許多植物病毒來危害作物(Brown et al.,1995,2002;Inbar and Gerling,2008)。尤其是B 煙粉虱(即MEAM1 隱種)與Q 煙粉虱(即MED 隱種)在過去的近30年間傳入世界各地,給各國農業生產造成了嚴重的損失 (Brown et al.,1995;Liu et al.,2007;Chu et al.,2006,2010)。煙粉虱的入侵機制成為了世界各國昆蟲學和害蟲防治領域研究的重要科學問題,而共生菌對煙粉虱物種形成、生物學的影響引起了世界各國昆蟲學者的廣泛關注(Chiel et al.,2009;Himler et al.,2011)。

利用抗生素去除煙粉虱共生菌是研究共生菌的功能的重要途徑(周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾等,2012;Zhong and Li,2013)。研究發現許多抗生素(如青霉素、卡那霉素、四環素和利福平)能降低煙粉虱共生菌的含量,進而導致煙粉虱宿主種群適合度下降 (Costa et al.,1997;Ruan et al.,2012;Su et al.,2013;Zhong and Li,2013)。其中,利福平是一種常用于去除昆蟲共生菌的抗生素。例如,Ruan 等(2012)研究發現利福平能延遲B 煙粉虱和ZHJ-1 生物型煙粉虱的發育歷期,并且能減少ZHJ-1 后代的存活率,但不影響B 煙粉虱后代存活率。一般認為,抗生素對節肢動物沒有直接影響 (Dedeine et al.,2000;Jeanne et al.,2012)。

利福平能夠抑制細菌的RNA 聚合酶與DNA 結合,也可抑制一些動物病毒的生長以及致癌病毒的DNA 聚合酶與RNA 結合(Wehrli et al.,1968;Subak-Sharpe et al.,1969;Gallo et al.,1970;Scolnick et al.,1971)。然而,一些研究發現抗生素如利福平能夠誘導各種基因的表達 (Chang et al.,1997;Bowen et al.,2000;Rodrigues-Antona et al.,2000;LeCluyse et al.,2000;Meunier et al.,2000;Runge et al.,2000)。例如,應用熒光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)技術研究發現高濃度的利福平能改變人類LS180 細胞系(Weiss et al.,2012)和HepG2 細胞內內參基因的表達(Weiss et al.,2012),選擇性地誘導人類肝細胞內若干基因(如CYP2C8、FMO4 和MAO-B 等)或誘導人類細胞內CYP2C8 和CYP2C9 表達(Gerbal-Chaloin et al.,2001;Rae et al.,2001)。抗生素(例如利福平)是否影響昆蟲(如煙粉虱)功能基因的表達,還不得而知。

煙粉虱體內具有許多與防御相關的基因,如乙醇脫氫酶adhIII、抗菌肽knottin、絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑serpin、四次跨膜蛋白tetraspanin-3、TCP1-delta (Mahadav et al.,2008)。為了揭示抗生素對煙粉虱功能基因的影響,本研究利用qRT-PCR 方法比較了取食不同濃度利福平處理的棉花葉片的Q煙粉虱與對照種群體內上述5 個防御基因的表達量,探討了抗生素對Q 煙粉虱體內防御基因的影響。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試昆蟲

本實驗所用的Q 煙粉虱飼養在溫度為27℃±1℃、RH 60%±5%,光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h 的養蟲室中,種群每代隨機抽取20 頭采用限制性內切酶Vsp I 酶切擴增多態序列的方法來鑒定(Khasdan et al.,2005)。

1.2 抗生素處理棉花葉片飼喂煙粉虱

所用抗生素為利福平(北京博奧拓達科技有限公司,中國)。將25 g 蔗糖用0.005 mol/L 磷酸緩沖液(PB,PH=7.0)定容于100 mL,得到含25.0% 蔗糖的0.005 mol/L 的PB。分別溶解5.0 mg和10.0 mg 抗生素于PB 緩沖液中,得到50.0 μg/mL 和100.0 μg/mL 的抗生素,即為實驗組,而25.0%的PB 緩沖液為對照種群。將棉花葉片浸泡在對照種群和實驗組的液體中12 h 后,將棉花葉片晾干,放在底部含1%瓊脂的玻璃瓶中,分別讓煙粉虱取食棉花葉片。20 頭煙粉虱作為一個重復,每一個處理3 個重復。

1.3 煙粉虱取食抗生素處理葉片后防御基因的表達量變化

煙粉虱取食不同濃度的抗生素處理和未處理的棉花葉片后,使用Trizol 試劑(Invitrogen 公司,美國)提取煙粉虱RNA,后用PrimeScriptTMRT regent 試劑盒(Takala 公司,中國)合成cDNA,cDNA 被用來定量防御基因 (adhIII、knottin、serpin、tetraspanin-3 與 TCP1-delta) (Mahadav et al.,2008)的表達量。反應體系為5 μL 2×SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa Biotechnology),1 μL DNA,3.6 μL ddH2O,0.2 μL 引物。基因的引物如表1。反應程序為:95℃ 15 min;95℃10 s,60℃20 s,72℃25 s,共45 個循環。基因的表達量用2-ΔΔCt方法計算。

表1 本研究中煙粉虱體內基因的引物序列Table 1 Primer sequences of genes in Bemisia tabaci used in this study

1.4 數據分析和處理

使用SPSS 軟件對煙粉虱飼喂抗生素處理葉片與未處理葉片的防御基因adhIII、knottin、serpin、tetraspanin-3 與TCP1-delta 分別利用T-test 方法進行顯著性分析,在0.05 顯著性水平進行比較。

2 結果與分析

2.1 取食50.0 μg/mL 利福平處理棉花葉片煙粉虱防御基因變化

用50.0 μg/mL 抗生素處理過的煙粉虱的adh-classIII、knottin、tetraspanin-3 的基因表達量顯著高于未處理的煙粉虱對照組(P<0.05),其中adh-classIII 的基因表達量是對照種群的1.76 倍[圖1 (A)],knottin 的基因表達量是對照種群的1.70 倍[圖2 (A)],tetraspanin-3 的基因表達量是對照種群的1.68 倍[圖4 (A)],而serpin 和TCP1-delta 的基因表達量沒有顯著差異 (P >0.05)[圖3 (A)和圖5 (A)]。

圖1 不同濃度利福平處理后adh-classIII 基因的表達量Fig.1 The expression of adh-classIII gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖2 不同濃度利福平處理后knottin 基因的表達量Fig.2 The expression of knottin gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖3 不同濃度利福平處理后serpin 基因的表達量Fig.3 The expression of serpin gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖4 不同濃度利福平處理后tetraspanin-3 基因的表達量Fig.4 The expression of tetraspanin-3 gene under different concentration of rifampicin

2.2 取食100.0 μg/mL 利福平處理棉花葉片煙粉虱防御基因變化

用100.0 μg/mL 抗生素處理過的煙粉虱其5 個基因表達量顯著高于未處理的煙粉虱(對照種群)的基因表達量(P<0.05),其中adh-classIII 的基因表達量是對照種群的2.54 倍[圖1 (B)],knottin 的基因表達量是對照種群的3.38 倍[圖2(B)],serpin 的基因表達量是對照種群的5.37 倍[圖3 (B)],tetraspanin-3 的基因表達量是對照種群的3.48 倍[圖4 (B)],TCP1-delta 的基因表達量是對照種群的2.90 倍[圖5 (B)]。

圖5 不同濃度利福平處理后TCP1-delta 基因的表達量Fig.5 The expression of TCP1-delta gene under different concentration of rifampicin

3 結論與討論

前人研究發現,抗生素處理往往會對昆蟲適合度具有一定的負面影響。例如,昆蟲通過不同途徑取食四環素、青霉素或卡那霉素后,其生殖受到阻礙、死亡率增加(Mittler,1971;Griffiths and Beck,1974;Nogge and Gerresheim,1982)。用四環素處理的麗蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa 壽命縮短,產卵量降低,進而種群適合度下降(Stouthamer et al.,1994,2002;周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾,2012)。一般認為,抗生素對昆蟲適合度的影響與其能減少共生菌密度或去除共生菌密切相關。如四環素能去除松毛蟲赤眼蜂體Trichogramma dendrolimi 內的Wolbachia,并改變其生殖方式(張海燕等,2009)。四環素處理煙粉虱B 隱種,Wolbachia 含量降低,導致煙粉虱后代發育遲緩(Zhong and Li,2013)。用利福平處理共生麥二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum,胞內共生菌含量降低,種群適合度下降(胡祖慶等,2012)。

用利福平處理B 煙粉虱、ZHJ-1 型煙粉虱和Q煙粉虱,煙粉虱生長和發育受到影響,后代發育緩慢等(Costa et al.,1997;Ruan et al.,2006;Su et al.,2013)。同樣地,用利福平處理能降低Q 煙粉虱寄生能力(Xue et al.,2012)。這與某些共生菌被抗生素抑制或去除密切相關 (Stouthamer et al.,1994,2002;張海燕等,2009;周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾,2012;Zhong and Li,2013)。本研究結果表明,煙粉虱體內防御基因在抗生素利福平的影響下,其表達量上升。這些防御基因在昆蟲生殖發育等過程中起著重要作用 (Ligoxygakis et al.,2002;Tarrant et al.,2003;Chiche et al.,2004;Abraham et al.,2005;Levy and Shoham,2005;Zou and Jiang,2005;Ferrandon et al.,2007;Colinet et al.,2009)。如:adh-classIII 屬于氧化還原酶類,在昆蟲代謝、蛻皮及變態發育中起著重要的作用,并能對外界壓力產生抗性(Oudman et al.,1992;Mahadav et al.,2008);TCP1-delta 存在于昆蟲的血淋巴中,能引起紅血球凝聚,并與血淋巴溶菌酶協同作用,參與昆蟲防御反應 (Limura et al.,1998;Halwani et al.,1999;Blitvich et al.,2001)。昆蟲防御能力與其存活率及繁殖能力平衡 (Sheldon and Verhulst,1996;Rolff and Siva,2003)。煙粉虱防御基因的上升是否會導致其適合度的降低(如存活率等)有待于進一步的研究。

當前,利福平對煙粉虱防御基因表達量的影響機理尚不清楚。利福平是通過和依賴于DNA 的RNA 多聚酶的β 亞基結合,抑制細菌RNA 的合成,防止RNA 多聚酶與DNA 連接,從而阻斷RNA 的轉錄過程,使DNA 和蛋白質的合成停止(Campbell et al.,2001)。高濃度利福平也可影響真核生物的RNA 聚合酶,例如能抑制人類淋巴細胞RNA 聚合酶II (Pogo,1972),或結合線粒體真核RNA 聚合酶,或抑制蛋白質合成(Buss et al.,1978;Hartmann et al.,1985)。利福平能夠誘導人類肝細胞CYP1A1、CYP2B6、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、EROD、T6H 等基因的表達,并能促進環磷酰胺、異環磷酰胺、GST 和UGT 的表達 (Chang et al.,1997;Bowen et al.,2000;Rodriguez-Antona et al.,2000;Rung et al.,2000、Rae et al.,2001)。高濃度利福平能夠抑制人類LS180 細胞和HepG2 細胞的生長,并且能影響內參基因的表達,如增加G6PDH 的表達,減少RPL13、GU、villin、hPRT 等基因的表達等(Rae et al.,2001;Weiss et al.,2012)。利福平對煙粉虱防御基因表達量的影響可能與其直接阻斷RNA的轉錄相關;這種影響是否與煙粉虱體內共生菌的間接影響相關,目前不得而知。利福平對昆蟲功能基因的影響機理尚需進一步的研究。

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