劉恒明
定語從句歷年都是高考的重難點,尤其是涉及that, which, as的考題。下面是定語從句的語法規則和具體應用,希望同學們好好揣摩。
一、限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況
1. 當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等詞修飾時。例如:
Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Smith has said? 你記下了斯密思先生說的一切嗎?
There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. 對他來說,沒有什么不可能。
There is little (that) I can do for you. 對你,我無能無力。
由此可知,一般情況下,可將that用括號括住。部分時候that也可以省略。例如:
All that can be done has been done. 今日事,今日畢。
此外,當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用who。例如:
Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a bad thing. 任何一個有責任感的人不會做這樣的壞事。
2. 當先行詞被序數詞修飾時,例如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他們訪問倫敦時,首先去看大本鐘。
3. 當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時,例如:
This is the best movie that I have seen. 這是我看過最棒的電影。
4. 當形容詞被the very, the only, the same, the last, any, little等修飾時,例如:
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 這是很好的詞典,我想買。
After the fire in his house, the old motorcycle is the only thing that he owned. 家里失火后,舊摩托是他唯一所有的東西了。
當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用who,例如:
Erik is the only person in our company who will attend the meeting. 艾里克是我們公司唯一出席會議的人。
5. 當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時,例如:
Who is the man that is sitting at the corner? 坐在角落里的是誰?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 什么T恤衫最配我?
6. 當先行詞既有人,也有動物或者物體時,例如:
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 你記得我們這位科學家和我們學習過的他的理論嗎?
7. 當關系代詞在定語從句中做表語,例如:
The village is no longer the one that it used to be 20 years ago. 二十年已過,村莊今非昔比。
二、關系代詞as和which引導的定語從句
as和which引導非限制性定語從句,有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況如下:
1. as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,代表前面整個句子。例如:
He married her, as/which was natural. 他們結婚是理所當然的。
He was honest and generous, as/which we can see. 我們看得出,他正直慷慨。
2. as引導非限制性定語從句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一個主句;……