指導學生英語閱讀理解

許秀萍

【中圖分類號】G633.4 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089（2015）04-0137-02

根據《普通高中英語課程標準》及《2014年福建省高考英語考試說明》對考生閱讀理解能力的要求，考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關信息。考生應能：根據上下文克服生詞困難，推斷生詞的詞義，能通過文章中的線索進行推理、判斷，大家都知道，英語單詞大部分是一詞多義，其含義隨不同的語境會有所不同，所以這就要求學生在理解文章的基礎上，能根據上下文正確理解靈活多變的詞義。而我們的部分學生，在閱讀文章時，還沒有完全養成良好的英語閱讀習慣，遇到一些生詞時，邊閱讀邊查字典，或心理恐懼，不知所措，這些因素都制約著他們對文章的理解以及答題的速度。而這種不使用詞典而通過閱讀上下文來推斷生詞、句子、文章含義的能力，是一個合格的讀者所必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀測試中經常檢測的一種能力。鑒于此，教師有必要在課堂上幫助他們掌握常用猜測詞義的解題方法，提高他們的閱讀速度。我將在下列步驟指導學生如何在閱讀過程中進行詞義猜測。

一、讓學生對閱讀理解題中的猜測詞義的提問方式有所了解，從而引發他們對猜測題的解題方法的思考。

詞義猜測題常用的提問方式有：

1）The word “…” probably means /refers to/ could be replaced by____

2）The word “…” is most likely to mean____

3）What do you think the expression “…”stands for？

4）The underlined word “…”means____

二、向學生具體介紹常用的八種做猜測詞義的解題方法，讓他們熟悉這些方法，并且能夠活學活用。

1）定義法

For example： I can message someone ， that is， I can leave a message for them on their phone.

The old herdsman， who looked after sheep， earned about 54 Yuan a month last year.

2）對比法： 表示對比的詞有but、while、however、otherwise等。

Unlike his gregarious sister， Li lei is a shy person， who does not like to go to parties， or to make new friends.

During the class， the child was quiet but afterwards， she became boisterous.

3）上下文：

Communication is a vital factor of all interpersonal relationship and especially that of a team. Team members must be able to articulate their feelings， express plans and goals， share ideas and see each others opinions.

4）構詞法：英語單詞大多是由詞根、前綴、后綴所組成。在詞根前或后加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉變原詞的意義。

Mini？鄄、 super？鄄、 re？鄄、 micro？鄄、 mis？鄄、 im？鄄、 un？鄄、 in？鄄

Non？鄄、 ？鄄able、 ？鄄less、 ？鄄wards、dis？鄄、ir？鄄、il？鄄、post？鄄

Eg： homeless、rebuild、microbus、dislike、incorrect、impolite、illegal、irregular、unfinished、postwar、superman

All of the students like history， but the girl dislikes it.

5）因果法：從原因推測結果，從結果推測原因。

His mother was very angry. All of her ice cream and frozen foods melted because of the biggest power failure.

Owing to her long hair， she had her hair trimmed a bit.

6）相似法：利用同義詞、近義詞或詞組猜測詞義。

She answered quickly .But after she considered the problem more carefully ， she regretted having made such a hasty decision.

Though many people think raw meat a delicacy， I seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.

7）例舉法：利用文中的舉例猜測詞義。

Zoologists are studying how birds such as terns migrate.

The boy often goes to the zoo because he likes such creatures as monkeys and pandas.

8）普通常識：根據普通常識和生活經驗來猜測詞義。

In order not to make his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him， the doctor usually gives an anesthesia to make the patient unconscious when he performs an operation on a patient.

三、學生通過下列的個人、同桌或同班的體驗、討論、探究，下水試溫，進一步鞏固猜測詞義題的解題方法，提高靈活運用的能力。

1）The room was so immense that it would be impossible to see all the things in one day.

因果法，immense means big.

2）A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.

定義法，a linguist means a person who studies the science of language.

3）A mans position among the black？鄄tent people depends on his ancestors， relatives and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored， he is also honored. If they are disgraced， he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family， his lineage， and his tribe.

The word “disgrace” means _____in this text.

A、honor B、endanger C、proud D、shame

相似法：利用同義詞、近義詞或詞組猜測詞義。Disgrace means shame.

4）The progress was ____，but in the end the three star runner and Mark crossed the finish line together to the enthusiastic cries of their teachers and classmates.

A、slow B、great C、boring D、relaxing

上、下文，根據下文的but，雖然過程很慢，但是最后他們三人跟馬克一起沖過了終點線。

5）People thank each other everywhere in England ，all the time .When people buy something in a shop ，the customer and the retail assistant in most cases thank each other twice or more. In Germany ，it would be exceptional to hear more than one thank-you in such a conversation. British students thank their lecturers when leaving the room. English employers thank their employees for doing their jobs， as opposed to Germans， who would normally think that paying their workers money is already enough.

What can we learn about customers and retail assistants in Germany？

A、Its always a retail assistant who says thank-you.

B、A customer never says thank-you to each other.

C、They always say thank-you to each other.

D、They may say thank-you only once.

對比法，在英國，顧客和店員會不止一次地相互感謝，而在德國則很少聽到人們說謝謝超過一次，由此判斷選D項。

6） Here is The Pines， whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food ， such as Caribou， wild boar， and reindeer with surprising sauces.

According to the passage，“The pines ”is a____

A、place in which you can see many mobile homes

B、mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C、town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D、restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

根據常識知道，其后的“whose cook has developed a…”，答案是D

四、總結

教師通過歸納點評，再現方法，加深印象。這節課講了高中英語猜測詞義的8種方法：定義法、構詞法、相似法、對比法、上下文、普通常識、因果法和例舉法。提醒學生在做詞義猜測題時不要脫離語境。有些常用詞在特定的上、下文中，具有特殊的詞義，要分析語境，不要孤立思考。如果離開特定的語言環境來理解生詞意義，必然會理解錯誤。學生只要靈活運用，學會融會貫通，必能熟能生巧。