馮紅顏
摘 要:該文主要是分析中職英語中出現的一個重要語法現象,從現在分詞與動名詞的作用入手,歸納了動名詞與現在分詞的特點、區別,最后用一個短文來示范其兩者在文中的用法和作用,可以使中職學生在學習本部分內容時更容易學好。
關鍵詞:動名詞 現在分詞 語法
中圖分類號:G6 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1674-098X(2015)03(c)-0111-02
眾所周知,英語中現在分詞與動名詞在表現形式上都是帶有-ing的,但在使用中卻是不同的。當然在屬性上說,動名詞有名詞和動詞特征,它可以在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等;同時、它也可以有自己的賓語和狀語。而現在分詞具有動詞、副詞和形容詞的特征。可以有賓語或者狀語。在句中可以作為定語、表語、狀語等使用。
1 動名詞
1.1 動名詞與名詞的區別
動名詞作為非謂語動詞,其在語言中與真正的名詞是有很大區別的,名詞(指事和物)不具有動詞的意義,而動名詞卻有動詞的意義。
例如:
Some drinks is nourishing.(drinks名詞)
Drinking water is helpful for body.(drinking動名詞)
一般說動名詞前面還可有介詞構成動名詞短語(動名詞作介詞的賓語),也可以被人稱代詞所有格修飾。
如:The boy is watching TV instead of going over his lesson.
Her growing up is looked a miracle.
1.2 動名詞常用情況
(1)作主語。
如:Talking is easier than doing.
(2)作賓語。
如:Thank you for helping me
(3)作定語。
如:There is a swimming pool in our school.
動名詞若是作為定語時它可修辭名詞。
如: Running water never becomes putrid.
動名詞不能單獨作狀語,它前面必須有一個介詞方可做狀語。
如:There are difficult ways of solving this problem.
You can tell the specific gravity of a certain object by comparing its weight in air with its weight in water.
2 現在分詞
現在分詞作為非謂語動詞,主要也是修飾主語、賓語和表語。
(1)作定語。
如:The rising moon was hidden by the clouds.
①現在分詞與動名詞作定語的判斷v-ing同它所修飾的名詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關系,不表示名詞本身的動作、行為,通常表示被修飾名詞的用途時,v-ing為動名詞如:a swimming pool一個游泳池;a walking stick一根拐棍。②v-ing 同它修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系,表示名詞本身的動作、行為時,v-ing為現在分詞。單個現在分詞作前置定語,現在分詞短語則作后置定語。如:
The boy sitting on the sofa is a classmate of mine.(沙發上坐著的那個男孩是我的一個同學)a speaking boy = a boy who is speaking.(一個說話的男孩)
(2)作表語。
如:The news sounds moving.
v-ing作表語,是現在分詞還是動名詞的判斷①在“主語+系動詞+v-ing”結構中,如果表語與主語是處于同等的位置,即主語與表語可以互換位置而意思不變時,v-ing為動名詞。如:
Her job is looking after the children = Looking after the children is her job.(她的工作是看小孩兒)
②當主語表示某人、某事物或各種各樣的情況,而表語又是補充說明主語的特征,其前可以加上very,quite等詞來修飾時,v-ing為現在分詞。
如:What he said is very (quite) inspiring.(他所說的話很鼓舞人)
The music is very exciting.(音樂很令人興奮)
(3)作賓補。
分詞在復合賓語中作賓補,可以帶這種賓語補足語的詞有:see, watch, hear, find, get, keep等。
如:We heard her laughing in her room.
I watched them playing football.
如果-ing形式在句中充當狀語和補語,那么它一定是現在分詞。
如果-ing形式在句中充當主語、賓語、同位語,那么它一定是動名詞。
(4)作狀語。
當分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,他的邏輯主語要和主句的主語一致。
如:Hearing a noise, they stopped talking.
She sat there reading a newspaper.
3 動名詞與現在分詞的區別
雖然現在分詞可以修飾名詞,但在使用中與動名詞作為定語時是有明顯區別的。
如:Where is the dining room?(動名詞)
The man standing there is our master. (現在分詞)
(1)動名詞做定語時,和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關系,即它不是該名詞的動作,也就是動名詞沒有邏輯主語;而現在分詞則有它的邏輯主語,其邏輯主語即是它所修飾的名詞,它是該名詞的動作。如:leading comrades 領導們,這里的leading是現在分詞做定語,從其邏輯關系上說comrades是leading的邏輯主語。事實上,leading comrades= comrades who lead.
reading materials 閱讀材料,reading是動名詞做定語,邏輯上materials不是reading的主語,事實上,reading materials=materials for reading.
(2)雖然動名詞作定語的情況不是很多,但還是有一些常見的情況,如a reading-room; drinking water; a writing course; a sleeping car; the getting-up bell等等。
(3)現在分詞在句子中還都有正在進行的意思。如:
I saw him going up stairs.
I saw her coming in.
I was working on the computer all morning.
(4)現在分詞和動名詞都可做表語,但意義有所不同。
如:The situation is encouraging.(現在分詞)
Seeing is believing.(動名詞)
以上用法,在中職教學中學生最易出錯。
下面用這兩種語法現象,寫一短文,來體會動名詞與現在分詞的使用差別。
My Teaching Life.I am from England ,being an English teacher in China, I feel very happy, China is a developing country, but it is a great country, the Chinese people are very enthusiasm, I enjoy my teaching career in China.
Teaching is not only my full-time job but also my interest, I thank my life is exciting in school. After school my students finish doing their homework, I keep taking exercise with them, I hear the girls singing English song in the classroom, in summer the boys swim in a swimming pool, we go hiking together in autumn, I love my students very much.
I also plan to study Chinese here, I try to collect words and expressions in daily life.I read local newspaper, magazine,pieces of advertisement and introduction of goods, even when I am shopping. Collecting useful words makes me be full of sense of accomplishment. It is a good way to learn Chinese. My students help always me too.
In a word, life and work here teach me a lot. I meet lots of different people and experience, but no matter whether they are good or not, they are all treasure for me.
I believe, working hard, I will succeed.
4 結語
現在分詞與動名詞,形態上完全相同,都是動詞以ing結尾,但兩者有一個最本質的區別,那就是現在分詞是形容詞,而動名詞是名詞,因此在一個句子中,凡是可以放形容詞的地方,都可以放現在分詞,凡是可以放名詞的地方,都可以放動名詞。其實,它們的用法不只這些,本文只是談了中職教學中常見的問題。
參考文獻
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