Stephen’s Anima Archetype Development in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

宋昕

【摘要】阿尼瑪作為榮格集體無意識理論提出的重要原型，主要指男人潛意識中的女性原型意象。喬伊斯名作《一個青年藝術家的畫像》里幾位重要女性作為斯蒂芬潛意識里的阿尼瑪意象，對他從懵懂到成熟的不同成長階段影響深遠。

【關鍵詞】阿尼瑪 原型 史蒂芬 《一個青年藝術家的畫像》

【Abstract】Anima is the important archetype of Jungs Collective Unconscious， and mainly refers to the archetypal female images existing within the mens unconsciousness. The heroines as Stephens Anima in Unconscious in Joyces masterpiece A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man have great impact on Stephens psychological mature from ignorance.

【Key words】Anima； Archetype； Stephen； A Portrait of the Artist Artist as a Young Man

The novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man， published in 1916， is one of the masterpieces from Irish modern novelist James Joyce. He was born in Dublin in 1882， a son of a talented but feckless father who is casted on Stephen Dedalus father in the above novel. James Joyce was raised and educated in the Roman Catholic faith， but he broke with the church while in college.

What he hopes for is exile from his motherland； even though his almost life-long exile， he writes only and always about Dublin： Dubliners（1914）is a collection of 15 short stories all set in Dublin， The Portrait（1916）a semiautobiographical work. The portrait tells a story of a boy named Stephen Dedalus， modeled after Joyce himself， growing up as an excellent student in Catholic environment and education， later on he confronted struggles with his family， morality， nationality and religion， but finally got his Epiphany and transformed from a devout religion follower to a new devotee to art and beauty as a young man at the end. Just as Joyce said as the following—

“I will not serve that in which I no longer believe whether it calls itself home， my fatherland or my church： and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can， using for my defense the only arms I allow myself to use， silence， exile， and cunning.”

Both he himself and his character Stephen in The portrait achieved the tough but deserved magnificent transforms， and became the fanatical artist as a true man！

According to Collective Unconscious and Archetypes Theory from Swiss psychologist Carl Jung， the main content of collective unconscious is the Archetypes， and Archetypal Images are used to describe its Archetype presented in the form of consciousness， through Archetypal Image people can better understand the existence of the Archetype and its significance. There are several main Archetypal Images in Jungian Analytical psychology， including Persona， Anima， Animus， Shadow and Individualism. Anima refers to the archetypal images of psychological qualities of females inside a males unconscious world. and on the other， Animus refers to the archetypal images of psychological qualities of males inside a females unconscious world.

Jung uses Anima to describe the archetypal female images existing within the mens unconsciousness. She is the archetypal female images inside a man， and also the personal complex of a man to the females. The Latin word “Anima” means soul， that is the collective unconscious of female images in mens deep soul through ages of accumulation， therefore， Anima often plays a special role in mens mood， reaction， impulse and any spontaneous mental changes. And men also have a tendency to a woman in reality， seeing their own inner Anima and soul projection.

The development of Anima is generally divided into four stages by Jung， and the different stage has the different image： Eve — Helen — Maria — Sophia. Anima first as Eve， often shown in Oedipus complex within males in their early ages； Helen is more for sex object. Maria is the performance of divine love. Sophia is like Muse who can create mens inner source for power， even wisdom. And in The Portrait we can witness that Stephen experiences this Anima development as follows：

For Eve stage， the mother is projected as the first Anima Archetype. His first and earliest female leader to this world is the mother， and the mother is also the first opposite sex that Stephen gets to know. His dependence on mother both physically and mentally shows his attachment to the mother and obvious Oedipus complex.

For Helen stage， there are three female images： Eileen is his childhood playmate， his first female friend at a similar age. Stephen acquires the initial awareness of appearance and gesture from the opposite sex， understanding fundamental difference between males and females. Gradually， the young Stephen has a strange passion or impulse on the heroin Mercedes of the Count of Monte Cristo， even though she is completely unreal， clearly indicates Stephens desire in adolescent for women. But after sometime struggles with desire， he finally couldnt bear the temptation when lingering on the dark street in Dublin， where he releases and liberates his impulse for sex with a prostitute. Three female images， Eileen as the character target of his sexual impulse， Mercedes of his sexual fantasy， and the prostitute of sexual satisfaction， are all Helen Anima archetypal images during his adolescence.

For Maria stage， it is the obscure but impressive character Emma. Stephens love and passion for Emma is pure and divine with a kind of sanctity， he doesnt dare to hug and kiss her on the tram. And his fantasy for Emma often appears with Blessed Virgin Mary coming to put his hand together with Emma's， wishing them sweet love and happiness.

For Sophia stage， it is the paddle girl. She just appears one time beside the water dabbling， it is the paddle girl as the wise Sophia Anima image who stimulates his epiphany and creates his inner energy. And at last he decides to be an exile from the religion but become a real artist of art and beauty without hesitation.

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