限制與保護：清代司法對涉訟女性的特別應對*

李相森

（南京大學 法學院，江蘇 南京 210093）

限制與保護：清代司法對涉訟女性的特別應對*

李相森

（南京大學 法學院，江蘇 南京 210093）

清代司法；女性訴訟；涉訟女性；限制性保護；女犯

清代司法對涉訟女性予以特別應對：謹慎對待涉及女性的控告呈詞；優先選擇以批詞、調解的方式結案，不輕易傳喚女性出庭，避免女性在訴訟中的公開出場；審訊過程中，限制對女性的監禁及刑訊，司法官特別注意面對涉訟女性時的儀態、言語及行動的莊重嚴肅；對女性執行刑罰時亦有不同于男性的方式方法。在官方表達中，保護女性的名節、顏面是對女性予以特別對待的主因。通過限制女性進入訴訟來保護女性，是男權社會對女性進行“限制性保護”邏輯的產物。面對涉訟女性，司法活動的謹慎、謙抑，實質上是為了符合并維護圍繞女性所形成的社會倫理道德規范。

Abatracts：In the court of law in Qing Dynasty,there were many especial judicial responses to women.Firstly,the judges usually were cautious about the petitions which were related to women.Secondly,the cases were usually settled without an open trial to avoid the appearance of women in the court.Thirdly,during the trial,female were not put in detention or tortured arbitrarily by judges.Fourthly, the judges were serious and solemn when they interrogated women.Lastly,penalties applied to women were different from men.The main reason was to protect women.But,limiting the entry of women into litigation in the name of protecting them was a product of restrictive protection practice in a patriarchal society.Essentially,the self-restraint treatment of women in judicature was meant to meet and maintain the social codes of ethics formed around women.

中國傳統法制文化中，訴訟為兇事。官方不愿民眾紛爭訴訟，極力息訟，追求和諧、無訟的理想社會狀態。而被賦予安嫻貞靜、柔弱卑順形象的女性，更不宜與訴訟發生關聯。實際上，傳統司法極力避免女性參與訴訟，對涉訟女性予以特別應對。以清代為例，司法官對涉及女性的控告呈詞進行嚴格審查；審理涉訟女性案件的方式有特別之考慮；不輕易傳喚女性出庭接受訊問；對出現于公堂之上的女性，予以特別審慎之對待；施于女性的監禁、刑訊、刑罰亦有特別之處。一方面，女性參與訴訟受到官府的嚴格限制；……