劉秀紅
(揚州大學 社會發(fā)展學院,江蘇 揚州 225002)
社會性別視域下的民國女工生育保障問題(1912-1937)*
劉秀紅
(揚州大學 社會發(fā)展學院,江蘇 揚州 225002)
民國女工;生育保障;社會性別;工廠法
近代工業(yè)興起,大量女性進入工廠和男性從事同樣的社會勞動,傳統(tǒng)的性別角色分工被打破,但懷孕、分娩、哺乳等生育行為成為困擾其工作和生活的一個重要問題,女工生育問題因此出現(xiàn)。“五四”運動后,女工生育保障問題開始為學者關注,此后成為勞工團體、婦女團體與女工們的斗爭目標,生育問題由私人領域拓展到公共領域,成為公共議題。在社會各界的推動下,政府推出女工生育保障立法,生育的相關費用由工廠負擔,生育風險由家庭轉(zhuǎn)向社會。由于歷史條件的限制,法律并沒有得到切實執(zhí)行,但女工生育風險應由社會保障的觀念為時人所接受,為后來的政權進行相關立法提供了思想基礎。
Abatracts:Along with the wave of Chinese industrial development,a great number of female workers came to work in factories,participating in production similarly as the male workers and breaking away from the conventional gender roles.The special physiological needs of female workers in relation to pregnancy,childbirth,and breath-feeding had a negative impact on women workers and affect their physical and mental health.Then the issue of maternity protection arose.After the May 4th Movement,maternity protection of female workers attracted the attention of scholars and then became a goal of struggles of labor groups and women's groups.The formation of public issue made the problem of maternity protection from private sphere to public sphere.In response to pressures from communities,the government adopted the law to require factories to take responsibility for maternity protection of their female workers.This law was not implemented because of various reasons,but the concept of maternity protection was accepted by people,and provided foundation for the future government to pay attention to maternity protection legislation.
男女兩性在人類繁衍方面存在的生理差異是社會性別角色分工的基礎。近代工業(yè)興起,大量女性進入工廠,傳統(tǒng)的分工被打破,她們既承擔著懷孕、分娩、哺乳等傳統(tǒng)的任務,又和男性同樣參加社會勞動。這使生育行為成為困擾其工作和生活一個重要問題。在勞工保護與婦女解放的大背景下,這一問題開始受到關注,在社會各界的努力下,政府逐步出臺了一些相關的法律,開始保障女工權利。目前學界對
此尚缺乏深入的專題研究①相關研究有:關于女工問題研究,如鄭永福:《中國近代產(chǎn)業(yè)女工的歷史考察》,《鄭州大學學報》1992年第4期;……