——1990-2010年國民學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間的性別差異研究" />
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(1.2.3.中國人民大學(xué) 社會(huì)與人口學(xué)院,北京 100872)
主動(dòng)選擇還是被動(dòng)接受
——1990-2010年國民學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間的性別差異研究
楊菊華1張嬌嬌2吳敏3
(1.2.3.中國人民大學(xué) 社會(huì)與人口學(xué)院,北京 100872)
學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間;性別差異;中國婦女社會(huì)地位調(diào)查;勞動(dòng)總時(shí)間;性別觀念
文章通過對(duì)1990年、2000年和2010年三期中國婦女社會(huì)地位調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn):近20年國民的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間普遍減少,兩性學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)“男長女短”的特點(diǎn),但是二者的差異呈逐漸縮小趨勢(shì)?;橐龊蛣趧?dòng)總時(shí)間對(duì)國民學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間起到制約作用,且兩者均對(duì)女性的影響更大;性別觀念越平等,國民學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間越長,但對(duì)男性的影響略大于女性。女性較短的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間主要是客觀因素制約下的被動(dòng)接受。故此,增加女性的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,既需要推動(dòng)更為平等的性別觀念,更需要減輕其工作和生活壓力,讓她們有更多的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,從而提升其社會(huì)參與能力及終身發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/p>
Abatracts:Using data from the three National Surveys on the Status of Chinese Women in 1990,2000 and 2010,this paper has found that time spent on study has overall reduced over the past 20 years among both male and female Chinese individuals.Each survey has shown that female's study time was much shorter than that of male's although such gap has been narrowed greatly over time.The gender gap in study time is a result of several objective factors(e.g.,marital status and total labor time)and subjective factors(such as gender norms).Marriage reduces learning time,and married women have the shortest study time.Similarly,the longer the total labor time (including housework)is,the shorter the learning time will be.However,both marital status and total working hours have a larger effect on female than on male.Also,respondents with more equitable gender outlook tend to study more,though males still have slight more time for study than females.Findings also illustrate that objective factors are more important with regard to study time than gender norms.Hence,it is necessary to reduce female's double-burden of work and family in order for them to have more time to study,improving their capabilities and social participation and life-long self development.
2015年,《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》稱:“八小時(shí)之外不學(xué)習(xí)的人”將成為未來的“困難戶”之一。在快速變化并日益復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)代社會(huì),保證一定的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間獲得新知識(shí)、了解新事物,是個(gè)體自我提升和發(fā)展的必要條件。目前,社會(huì)勞動(dòng)對(duì)女性的工作能力、家庭生活對(duì)母親的養(yǎng)育能力都提出了更高要求,從而要求女性不斷學(xué)
習(xí),與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。而現(xiàn)實(shí)情況卻是,1990-2010年,女性的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間不斷縮短[1],且明顯少于男性。
那么,為什么女性的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間并未隨社會(huì)勞動(dòng)的普遍參與而增加,且普遍少于男性呢?……