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高考英語中狀語從句的考查要點歸納

2015-02-13 21:19:28
英語教師 2015年20期
關鍵詞:英語

常 俠

教學參考

高考英語中狀語從句的考查要點歸納

常 俠

狀語從句一直是高考英語的熱點,關于其用法的考題在高考英語單項填空題中所占比例較大。通過對近幾年全國各省、市英語高考真題中單項填空題、狀語從句考查的要點進行歸納及總結,對于提高中學英語教學效果具有重要意義。

高考英語;狀語從句;考點

高考英語對狀語從句的考查主要體現在對引導狀語從句連詞的選擇、從句中的省略、主從句時態的呼應及狀語從句的倒裝用法這四點上。因此,弄清這四點是解答與狀語從句相關題的關鍵。以下是筆者根據多年的教學實踐,并結合《高中英語語法考點大全》(劉榮新2011)和《金考卷特快專遞全國各省市高考試題匯編·英語》(杜志建2010~2015)中的真題,對高考英語狀語從句的考查要點進行的分析。

一、狀語從句中連詞的選擇

由從屬連詞引導的從句在句中作狀語被稱作狀語從句,它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。高考英語中對引導狀語從句從屬連詞考查的頻率較高,而且重點放在了比較容易混淆的連詞上,以下針對近幾年全國各省、市英語高考真題中單項填空題對狀語從句從屬連詞的考查要點進行小結。

(一)時間狀語從句

1.when,as和while的用法

這三個詞都可以引導時間狀語從句,when表示時間點,意思是“在……時刻”;as引導一個持續性動作,強調主從句的動作同時進行,表示主從句謂語動詞動作同時或交替進行,意思是“一邊……一邊”;while與延續性動詞連用,意思是“當……的時候”。如:

(1)It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(2014江西卷,35)

(2)He smiled politely as Mary apologized for her drunken friends.(2012山東卷,27)

(3)Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I had left my book in the café.(2015安徽卷,24)

(4)Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.(2010全國卷Ⅰ,25)

但是,while還可以連接并列句,while表示對比或轉折,意思是“而;然而”如:

(5)There's no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery while another man,also intelligent,fails.(2013課標卷I,32)

2.before的用法

(1)表示“在……之前”,如:

We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.(2015天津卷,12)

(2)“It will be+一段時間+before...”表示“還要多久才……”,如:

If you miss this chance,it may be years before you get another one.(2015重慶卷,4)

(3)表示“還未……就……;不到……就……;還沒來得及……就……”,如:

The young couple,who returned my lost wallet, left before I could ask for their names.(2015陜西卷,24)

3.till,until和not...until的用法

(1)肯定句:謂語動詞用延續性動詞,表示主句到此時才結束,意思是“某動作持續到某一時間點”。如:

I'm not in a hurry,so don't worry and I will wait until you are ready.

(2)否定句:謂語動詞用非延續性動詞,表示“某動作到某時間點才開始”。如:

Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.(2013福建卷,34)

4.since引導的時間狀語從句

(1)I have heard a lot of good things about you since I came back from abroad.(2013陜西卷,18)

(2)在句型“It is+一段時間+since從句”中,句子的意思要取決于從句的動詞是非延續性還是延續性動詞。當since從句的謂語動詞是非延續性動詞時,意思是“自從……以來有多久了”;當since從句的謂語動詞是延續性動詞時,意思是“自從從句的動作結束到現在有多長的時間”或“多久不做……了”。如:

①As is reported,it is 100 years since Qinghua University was founded.(2011四川卷,6)

②My friend Tony moved to Shanghai last year and it is a year since he worked in our school.

5.在表示“一……就……”的as soon as,the moment,immediately,hardly...when,no sooner...than等詞引導的時間狀語從句中,從句中用一般現在時代替將來時態。

We'll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.(2010安徽卷,33)

6.在each/every/any/next time及the first/second/last time引導的時間狀語從句中,從句中用一般現在時代替將來時態。如:

“Every time you eat a sweet,drink green tea.”This is what my mother used to tell me.(2014浙江卷,8)

(二)條件狀語從句

引導條件狀語從句的連詞有if,unless,as long as等,在條件狀語從句中常用一般現在時態代替將來時態。如:

1.If you come to China,you will experience a culture of amazing depth and variety.(2015安徽卷, 22)

2.You won't find paper cutting difficult as long as you keep practicing it.(2015北京卷,28)

3.You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted to your work.(2014湖南卷,26)

4.Once the damage is done,it will take many years for the farmland to recover.(2015北京卷,28)

5.I'll be out for some time.In case anything important happens,call me up immediately.(2014四川卷,8)

(三)原因狀語從句

連詞有because,as,since,now that,in that。because語氣最強,as引導原因狀語從句,一般放在句首,語氣要比because弱,而since比as較正式,now that相當于since,in that相當于because。如:

1.I am so grateful to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.(2015安徽卷,26)

2.Mark needs to learn Chinese since his company is opening a branch in Beijing.(2013山東卷,26)

(四)地點狀語從句

1.Where he once felt like giving up,he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.(2014安徽,34)

2.Half an hour later,Lucy still couldn't get a taxi where the bus had dropped her.(2014重慶,14)

(五)目的狀語從句

從句謂語常用could或can,may,might等情態動詞。如:

The team are working hard to analyze the problem so that/in order that they can find the best solution.(2015湖北卷,25)

(六)結果狀語從句

連詞由so...that或such...that引導,當so或such置于句首時,主句要用倒裝語序。如:

1.There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.(2014新課標I改錯題)

2.So hard does Jack work that he has made great progress recently.

(七)讓步狀語從句

1.although/though和even though/even if引導的讓步狀語從句,although與though可互換,可與yet(或still)連用,但不可與but連用。如:

(1)Although the job takes a significant amount of time,most students agree that the experience is worth it.(2015湖南卷,33)

(2)Though scientists have learned a lot about the universe,there is much we still don't know.(2015安徽卷,23)

(3)Even though the forest park is far away,a lot of tourists visit it every year.(2014北京卷,29)

2.疑問詞+ever與no matter+疑問詞和whether...or...引導的讓步狀語從句,如:

Whenever I have to give a speech,I get extremely nervous before I start.(2013山東卷,28)

3.as引導讓步狀語從句時用倒裝語序。如:

Busy as they are,they come to help us from time to time.

4.while通常位于句首,相當于although,意思是“雖然”。

While the students came from different countries,they got quite well in the summer camp.(2015福建卷,31)

(八)方式狀語從句

方式狀語從句常用as,just as,as if,as though等引導,如:

1.Just as a single world can change the meaning of a sentence,a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.(2015浙江卷,9)

2.It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?(2014重慶卷,14)

(九)比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句常由下列詞語引導:as...as,not so/as...as,more/less...than,the more+adj./adv., the more+adj./adv.如:

1.It's said that the power plant is now twice as large as what it was.(2013安徽卷,33)

2.The more friends we have,the more we can learn from each other.(2014大綱卷改錯題)

【解題對策】解答狀語從句中連詞的選擇題的關鍵是分清狀語從句的句意及邏輯關系,弄清每個從屬連詞的語意和語用特征,分析句子結構,判斷狀語從句的類別,根據語境和語意就可以選擇正確的連詞。

二、狀語從句中的省略

當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致,或者狀語從句主語是it且從句謂語動詞中含有be時,常常把從句的主語和謂語部分的be一起省略掉。

(一)時間狀語從句中的省略

如:1.While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty.(2014安徽卷,32)

2.Children,when accompanied by their parents, areallowed to enterthe stadium.(2014湖南卷,21)

(二)條件狀語從句中的省略

如:1.It is so cold that you can't go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.(2015江蘇卷,26)

2.If accepted for the job,you'll be informed soon.(2015北京卷,31)

(三)方式狀語從句中的省略

如:In class,students often get involved in class activities and play games as told.

(四)讓步狀語從句中的省略

如:Although small,the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.(2013天津卷,5)

【解題對策】不僅要認真分析句子結構,了解句子和連詞的意思,準確把握句子間的邏輯關系,同時還要弄清楚狀語從句的省略的要求和用法,這才是解題的關鍵。不過,對于此類問題,運用翻譯的方法也有助于解決。

三、狀語從句的時態呼應

(一)在when,as soon as,the moment,if,unless等引導的時間和條件狀語從句中,遵循“主將從現”的原則,常常要用一般現在時表示將來的意義

1.That's why I help brighten people's days.If you don't,who's to say that another person will?(2015湖南卷,35)

2.As you go through this book,you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.(2015湖南卷,22)

(二)since引導的時間狀語從句:從句用一般過去時,主句用完成時態或現在完成進行時態

如:1.His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.(2011陜西卷,12)

2.I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.(2010陜西卷,21)

(三)no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when引導的時間狀語從句:從句中用一般過去時,主句用過去完成時態。

如:1.I hardly finished my work when Li Lei asked me to help him with his work.

2.No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.(2014陜西卷,17)

(四)在by the time引導的時間狀語從句中:這個詞組常用來指到某一時間為止,主句常用完成時態。從句若用一般現在時,主句則用將來完成時態;從句若用一般過去時,主句則用過去完成時態。

如:By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had graduated from college.(2011遼寧卷,34)

【解題對策】解答含有狀語從句的時態題時,要了解到一些引導狀語從句從的屬連詞是要求主從句時態的相呼應的,要牢記幾組常用的固定時態的狀語從句的句子,就可以正確使用時態。

四、狀語從句的倒裝用法

(一)not...until,no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when引導的時間狀語從句:如果把這些詞放在句首時,主句部分則要用部分倒裝語序

如:Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.(2013福建卷,34)

(二)if引導的非真實條件狀語從句:如果省去if,就可以把從句中的were,had,should放在句首,就要用部分倒裝

如:1.Had I known the schedule,it might have saved me much trouble.(2015江蘇卷,28)

2.Were there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.(2014福建卷,32)

(三)在as引導的讓步狀語從句中要用倒裝結構,表語或狀語提前,當表語是可數名詞單數形式時要省去a/an

如:Child as Betty is,she is interested in reading.

(四)在so...that或such...that引導的結果狀語從句中,當so或such置于句首時,主句則要用部分倒裝語序

如:So interesting is the film Night at the Museum that it is worth seeing again.

(五)no matter how,however等引導的狀語從句:把需要強調的形容詞或副詞提至句首,但主謂并不倒裝

如:No matter how carefully you plan your finances,no one can predict when the unexpected will happen.(2014浙江卷,9)

(六)only修飾的狀語從句提至句首時,則要用部分倒裝

如:Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home.(2015天津卷,3)

【解題對策】解題時,要認真分析句子結構,弄清句意,熟知狀語從句的倒裝用法,利用有關狀語從句的倒裝知識解答此類試題,靈活運用這幾類含有倒裝句的狀語從句。

因此,要解答好高考英語對狀語從句考查的題型,就必須要掌握比較全面的狀語從句相關知識,了解引導狀語從句的每個從屬連詞的意思,明白了省略和倒裝在狀語從句中的用法,注意到部分從屬連詞引導的狀語從句要求主從句時態的呼應,靈活地運用狀語從句這一語法知識。總之,連詞是前提,時態是保障,省略和倒裝是升華。

引用文獻

劉榮新.2011.高中英語語法考點大全[M].天津:新蕾出版社:150-155.

杜志建.2010~2015.金考卷特快專遞全國各省市高考試題匯編.英語[M].烏魯木齊:新疆青少年出版社.

作者信息:727000,陜西銅川,陜西省銅川礦務局第一中學

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