杜鵬+謝立黎
摘要:以往受數據和分析方法的限制,研究老年人主要生活來源現狀和變化存在兩點不足:一是以60歲作為起點不利于掌握主要生活來源變化的所有轉折點,二是現有研究無法回答同一批老年人隨年齡增大生活來源變化的情況。本研究利用第六次全國人口普查數據,以45歲為年齡起點揭示從中年到老年主要生活來源變化的重要轉折點。并結合第五次全國人口普查數據,采用隊列分析方法分析2000年隊列的老年人生活來源在10年間的變化。分析顯示:受退休制度影響,我國老年人口依靠離退休金養老金的比例都呈現出階梯狀變化趨勢;60~69歲是重要轉變時期,城鎮老年人依靠勞動收入和離退休金生活的排位在60歲交換形成“剪刀型”分布,農村老年人依靠勞動收入和家庭供養的排位在68歲交換形成“沙漏型”分布,75歲以后逐漸保持穩定;隨著社會保障制度不斷完善,老年人自養能力有所增強。研究說明老年人的收入來源結構不僅可以反映出老年人的經濟狀況,還可以體現國家的社會經濟發展水平。
關鍵詞:老年人;主要生活來源;隊列分析
中圖分類號:C913.6文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1000-4149(2014)06-0003-09
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2014.06.001
Chinese Elderlys Main Economic Resource and Cohort Change
DU Peng, XIE Lili
(School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872,China)
Abstract:Due to the limitation of data and analyzing method, previous studies of elderlys main economic resource are insufficient to answer the following two questions: first, when does transition begin before 60? Second, how does the economic resource change as the 2000 cohort of elderly growing older? This study uses the 6th census data to demonstrate the transitional trend of economic resource by analyzing data from the age of 45. Moreover, trace the 2000 cohort to analyze the changes of main economic resource to 2010. The results showed that: 1) the proportion of Chinese elderly rely on pensions experienced a ladderlike transition; 2) 60 to 69 was the important period of change and gradually became stable after 75. In urban area, the rank of labor income and pension switched at 60 forming “scissorlike” distribution, while in rural area, the rank of labor income exchanged with family support forming “sandglasslike” distribution; 3) the older people had better selfsupport capabilities with the development of social security system. The study indicates that the income structure of older people can not only reflect their financial situation, but also embody the national level of socioeconomic development.
Keywords:older people; main economic resource; cohort study
一、問題的提出
我國從1994年開始關注老年人的主要生活來源變動情況,現有研究基本上可以分為兩類:一是運用橫截面數據比較老年群體內部的主要生活來源差異。如不同性別之間的差異[1~3]、低齡老年人和高齡老年人的差異等[4~5];二是運用不同時期的數據比較老年人主要生活來源的變化。……