韓濟南 侯艷秋
【摘要】 目的 比較開腹手術和腔內隔絕術治療破裂腹主動脈瘤的手術效果。方法 32例破裂腹主動脈瘤患者, 其中23 例行腹動脈瘤切除、人工血管移植術治療(開腹組), 9 例行覆膜支架腔內隔絕術治療(腔內隔絕組)。對兩組患者術后圍手術期死亡率進行比較, 對發病至手術開始各時間段患者死亡率進行比較。結果 兩組死亡率比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);但發病至手術各時間段患者死亡率比較差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論 早期診斷是提高患者生存率的主要因素, 正確評估破裂腹主動脈瘤是及時準確選擇外科術式的前提。
【關鍵詞】 破裂腹主動脈瘤;腔內隔絕術;開腹手術
破裂腹主動脈瘤是血管外科死亡率最高疾病之一, 未經治療, 患者死亡率高達100%, 手術死亡率為40%~60%[1-4]。本科對2005年3 月~2014 年7 月就診的32例破裂腹主動脈瘤患者分別行覆膜支架腔內隔絕和開腹手術治療, 現比較分析兩種方法療效。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 一般資料 本組男29例, 女3 例;年齡 53~88歲, 平均年齡65歲。其中23例患者入院時有低血壓或休克表現, 5例既往患有該病病史。患者均經超聲或計算機斷層攝影血管造影(computed tomographic angiography , CTA)以及手術探查確診。9 例患者入院時生命體征平穩, 行CTA檢查示血管解剖條件良好, 符合腔內覆膜支架植入條件, 故行腔內隔絕術治療(腔內隔絕組);余 23例行開腹腹主動脈瘤切除、人工血管移植術治療(開腹組)。兩組患者術前健康狀況見表1, 術前合并癥組間比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05 ), 具有可比性。
1. 2 手術方法 開腹組:均采用劍突下至恥骨聯合腹部正中切口。13例患者瘤頸距離腎動脈開口較遠, 且易于顯露, 直接于腎動脈下鉗夾阻斷;9例患者因腹膜后巨大血腫, 顯露腎下腹主動脈較困難, 故先阻斷膈下腹主動脈后, 分離腎動脈下腹主動脈, 快速將膈下腹主動脈阻斷鉗移至腎動脈下腹主動脈阻斷, 以減少腎上阻斷時間;1例患者行腔內治療時, 術中突發血壓下降, 出現休克癥狀, 立即給予輸血補液等, 行開腹手術。本組5例采用直型人工血管, 18例采用分叉型人工血管, 使人工血管與雙側髂總動脈行端端吻合;4例因動脈瘤延續至一側髂內動脈或髂總動脈, 故將同側人工血管與對應髂外動脈行端端吻合, 同時結扎髂內動脈, 對側與髂總動脈端端吻合。腔內隔絕組:本組 9 例患者在全身麻醉下行腔內隔絕術, 植入戈爾公司分叉型腹主動脈覆膜支架;其中 3 例應用彈簧栓栓塞髂內動脈, 然后植入覆膜支架。術后兩組患者進入重癥監護病房進行治療, 其中開腹組2~20 d, 平均7 d;而腔內隔絕組 2~7 d, 平均3 d。
1. 3 統計學方法 采用SPSS17.0統計軟件包進行分析。計量資料以均數±標準差( x-±s)表示, 采用t檢驗;計數資料采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異具有統計學意義。
2 結果
開腹組在術后24 h內有3例患者死亡, 而30 d內8例死亡。12例患者存活, 密切隨訪6~48個月, 平均18個月。患者出現與移植物不相關并發癥18例(30例次), 如傷口感染、心肺功能衰竭、腎功能衰竭、消化道出血及多器官功能衰竭等, 未見與移植物相關并發癥。腔內隔絕組術后24 h內無死亡病例發生, 30 d內3例患者死亡, 6例存活, 密切隨訪3~35個月, 平均14個月。9例患者中6例出現術后并發癥, 其中3例次出現移植物相關并發癥, 出血1例次, 內漏2例次。兩組術后死亡率比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);而各發病至手術時間段比較差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2、3。
3 討論
1951年Dubost 等[5]第一次成功為1例患者施行腹主動脈瘤切除、人工血管移植術。1966 年Creech[6]報道了動脈瘤內縫扎腰動脈, 腔內人工血管移植術, 該術式成為目前腹主動脈瘤治療的標準術式;近年來腹主動脈瘤腔內隔絕術成為一種重要手術選擇。研究表明腹主動脈瘤腔內隔絕可明顯降低腹主動脈瘤患者患病早期的死亡率及并發癥[7], 其具有創傷小、出血少、手術持續時間短等優點, 故受到越來越多外科醫生的重視。
Peppelenbosch等[8]比較應用腔內隔絕技術與開放手術治療破裂腹主動脈瘤, 結果顯示, 腔內隔絕術治療可明顯減少輸血量, 并能降低患者術后1個月內的死亡率。但破裂腹主動脈瘤患者并不均適合腔內治療, 破裂腹主動脈瘤常伴休克或血壓不穩定者, 如行腔內治療, 術前準備復雜, 時間長, 增加患者突發死亡風險。且腔內治療對醫院的條件要求較高, 除專業設備外, 還需具有經驗豐富的醫生。而開腹手術對設備要求較低, 且經驗豐富的醫生, 經過專業培訓, 多能掌握, 故目前對大多數醫療單位來說破裂腹主動脈瘤的搶救方法仍是常規開腹手術。
破裂腹主動脈瘤預后影響因素很多, 其中包括患者自身因素, 所屬醫院等級, 手術醫師經驗等。研究表明, 高齡、術前合并心臟病、腎功能不全、慢性阻塞性肺疾病可能是導致腹主動脈瘤破裂死亡率增加的危險因素[9, 10]。而醫院等級同樣影響患者生存率, Lo等[11]研究表明, 全因死亡率, 英國小醫院和大醫院分別為82.56%和61.89%, 美國兩類醫院分別為75.86%和43.82%。而我國基層醫院與區域中心醫院的水平差距大, 優勢醫療資源有限且集中, 故破裂腹主動脈瘤救治成功率差距將更大。本研究結果顯示, 兩種手術方式治療腹主動脈瘤破裂患者死亡率比較差異無統計學意義, 但發病至手術各時間段患者死亡率差異具有統計學意義(P<0.05), 早期診斷及手術患者圍手術期死亡率顯著低于晚就診患者。
綜上所述, 腹主動脈瘤破裂腔內隔絕術對血管解剖條件好, 可以承擔手術相應費用, 且就診在有條件的醫院, 是一種切實可行的方法, 其減少手術時間, 減少在重癥監護室時間, 縮短患者住院時間。且隨著腔內技術的逐漸成熟以及新型覆膜支架材料的應用, 腔內隔絕術將會更多應用于腹主動脈瘤破裂患者的治療。而動脈瘤切除手術對一些不具備腔內治療條件的患者及醫院同樣是挽救患者生命的一種有效手段, 而非過度強調轉診而浪費寶貴的搶救時間。破裂腹主動脈動脈瘤治療, 早期診斷是提高患者生存率的主要因素, 正確評估破裂腹主動脈瘤是及時準確選擇外科術式的前提。
參考文獻
[1] Holt PJ, Poloniecki JD, Gerrard D, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between volume and outcome in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg, 2007, 4(8):395-403.
[2] Qureshi NA, Rehman A, Slater N, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in a district general hospital: a 15-year experience. Ann Vasc Surg, 2007, 21(6):749-753.
[3] Wanhainen A, Bylund N, Bj?rck M. Outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in Sweden 1994-2005. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(5): 564-570.
[4] Huber TS, Wang JG, Derrow AE, et al. Experience in the United States with intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg, 2001, 33(2):304-310.
[5] Dubost C, Allary M, Oeconomos N. Resection of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: reestablishment of the continuity by a preserved human arterial graft, with result after five months. AMA Arch Surg, 1952, 64(3):405-408.
[6] Creech O Jr. Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy and treatment of aortic aneurysm. Ann Surg, 1966, 164(6):935-946.
[7] Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Kwong GP, et al. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9437):843-848.
[8] Peppelenbosch N, Yilmaz N, van Marrewijk C, et al. Emergency treatment of aucute symptomatic or ruptueed abdominal aortic aneursm. Outcome of a prospective intenttotreat by EVAR protocol. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003, 26(3):303-310.
[9] Dueck AD, Johnston KW, Alter D, et al. Predictors of repair and eff ect of gender on treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 39(4):784-787.
[10] Acosta S, Lindblad B, Zdanowski Z. Predictors for outcome after open and endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007, 33(3):277-284.
[11] Lo A, Adams D. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: risk factors for mortality after emergency repair. N Z Med J, 2004, 117(1203): U1100.
[收稿日期:2014-09-29]
參考文獻
[1] Holt PJ, Poloniecki JD, Gerrard D, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between volume and outcome in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg, 2007, 4(8):395-403.
[2] Qureshi NA, Rehman A, Slater N, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in a district general hospital: a 15-year experience. Ann Vasc Surg, 2007, 21(6):749-753.
[3] Wanhainen A, Bylund N, Bj?rck M. Outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in Sweden 1994-2005. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(5): 564-570.
[4] Huber TS, Wang JG, Derrow AE, et al. Experience in the United States with intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg, 2001, 33(2):304-310.
[5] Dubost C, Allary M, Oeconomos N. Resection of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: reestablishment of the continuity by a preserved human arterial graft, with result after five months. AMA Arch Surg, 1952, 64(3):405-408.
[6] Creech O Jr. Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy and treatment of aortic aneurysm. Ann Surg, 1966, 164(6):935-946.
[7] Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Kwong GP, et al. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9437):843-848.
[8] Peppelenbosch N, Yilmaz N, van Marrewijk C, et al. Emergency treatment of aucute symptomatic or ruptueed abdominal aortic aneursm. Outcome of a prospective intenttotreat by EVAR protocol. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003, 26(3):303-310.
[9] Dueck AD, Johnston KW, Alter D, et al. Predictors of repair and eff ect of gender on treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 39(4):784-787.
[10] Acosta S, Lindblad B, Zdanowski Z. Predictors for outcome after open and endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007, 33(3):277-284.
[11] Lo A, Adams D. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: risk factors for mortality after emergency repair. N Z Med J, 2004, 117(1203): U1100.
[收稿日期:2014-09-29]
參考文獻
[1] Holt PJ, Poloniecki JD, Gerrard D, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between volume and outcome in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg, 2007, 4(8):395-403.
[2] Qureshi NA, Rehman A, Slater N, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in a district general hospital: a 15-year experience. Ann Vasc Surg, 2007, 21(6):749-753.
[3] Wanhainen A, Bylund N, Bj?rck M. Outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in Sweden 1994-2005. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(5): 564-570.
[4] Huber TS, Wang JG, Derrow AE, et al. Experience in the United States with intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg, 2001, 33(2):304-310.
[5] Dubost C, Allary M, Oeconomos N. Resection of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: reestablishment of the continuity by a preserved human arterial graft, with result after five months. AMA Arch Surg, 1952, 64(3):405-408.
[6] Creech O Jr. Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy and treatment of aortic aneurysm. Ann Surg, 1966, 164(6):935-946.
[7] Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Kwong GP, et al. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9437):843-848.
[8] Peppelenbosch N, Yilmaz N, van Marrewijk C, et al. Emergency treatment of aucute symptomatic or ruptueed abdominal aortic aneursm. Outcome of a prospective intenttotreat by EVAR protocol. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003, 26(3):303-310.
[9] Dueck AD, Johnston KW, Alter D, et al. Predictors of repair and eff ect of gender on treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 39(4):784-787.
[10] Acosta S, Lindblad B, Zdanowski Z. Predictors for outcome after open and endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007, 33(3):277-284.
[11] Lo A, Adams D. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: risk factors for mortality after emergency repair. N Z Med J, 2004, 117(1203): U1100.
[收稿日期:2014-09-29]