范惠娟△ 劉志紅△ 宋潔 王紅宇▲
[摘要] 目的 分析正常成人立體心電圖心室復極參數范圍。 方法 選擇正常成年男女各50例采集立體心電圖,并對QRS-T夾角、QRS-T比值、ST段和T環各主要參數進行統計分析。 結果 正常成年男女空間QRS-T夾角均值分別為(50.6°±33.1°)(95%可信區間為41.2°~60.1°)和(48.2°±28.7°)(95%可信區間為40.1°~56.3°),QRS-T比值均值分別為(3.12±1.51)(95%可信區間為2.69~3.55)和(3.71±2.61)(95%可信區間為2.96~4.45)。男女相比,ST時間[(88.9±24.7)ms比(108.5±13.2)ms,P<0.05]、T環運行時間[(187.2±28.9)ms比(174.9±24.5)ms,P<0.05]和離支時間[(118.3 ±33.2)比(102.6±33.1),P<0.05],差異均有統計學意義。 結論 與女性相比,男性T環運行時間和離支時間更長,ST時間更短。
[關鍵詞]正常成人;立體心電圖;心室復極
[中圖分類號] R540.41???[文獻標識碼] B???[文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)09-14-03
Analysis of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECGof healthy adults
FAN?Huijuan1??LIU?Zhihong1??SONG?Jie2??WANG?Hongyu2
1.Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; 2.Department of Electrocardiography Information, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the ranges of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECG in healthy population. Methods To collect three-dimensional ECG of fifty healthy males and fifty healthy females, and contrast the QRS-T angle, the QRS-T ratio the running time, the main parameters of S-T segment and T loops, between males and females. Results In healthy males and females, the spatial QRS-T angle was (50.6 °± 33.1 °) (95% confidence interval was from 41.2° to 60.1°) and (48.2°± 28.7°)(95% confidence interval was from 40.1 ° to 56.3 °),respectively, while the QRS-T ratios were (3.12 ± 1.51) (95% confidence interval was from2.69 to 3.55) and (3.71 ± 2.61) (95% confidence interval was from2.96 to 4.45) , the difference between men and women has no statistically significance. To compare males with females, the S-T segment time(88.9±24.7ms ratio 108.5±13.2ms, P<0.05),the running time(187.2±28.9ms ratio 174.9±24.5ms, P<0.05)and the leaving branch's time(118.3 ±33.2 ratio 102.6±33.1, P<0.05)of the T loop the has statistically difference. Conclusion Compared with the females, the T-loop running time and the leaving branch's time longer are greater, the ST segment time is shorter.
[Key words] Healthy adults; Three-dimensional electrocardiography; Ventricular repolarization
自1903年Einthoven發明心電圖機并將其應用于臨床至今,心電圖在心血管病和心律失常的診斷、治療及預防中始終居于不可取代的地位[1]。心電圖由平面向量環在各心電導聯上的投影形成,而后者又由空間向量環在額面、橫面、側面3個相互垂直的平面上投影形成,也就是說心電圖實質上是空間P-QRS-T環在各導聯軸上的二次投影。反復投影必然會引起信息損失,故我們有理由認為立體
心電圖較常規心電圖包含更多信息。立體心電圖是心臟瞬間綜合心電向量的集合,其與臨床和心臟解剖、病理改變相結合,有助于對心房、心室肌病變、傳導異常、起源異常的分析和鑒別,彌補心電圖的不足[2]。現有研究表明立體心電圖在心房傳導時間和除極角度、振幅的無創性整體評價[3]、判斷心肌缺血的程度和范圍[4]、陳舊性心肌梗死的診斷[5]、無癥狀心肌梗死的診斷[6]、左心室肥大[7]等方面均有重要價值。
目前尚無關于正常成年人立體心電圖心室復極參數范圍的資料。本文目的旨在對正常成年人的立體心電圖心室復極參數范圍進行分析,從而為其正常范圍的制定提供依據。
表1??空間復極向量參數
觀測指標 男性 女性 t P
95%可信區間* 95%可信區間*
ST時間(ms) 88.9±24.7 (81.9,95.9) 108.5±13.2 (101.7,115.4) -4.029 <0.001a
ST向量值(mv) 0.13±0.13 (0.10,0.17) 0.22±0.53 (0.06,0.37) -1.065 0.290
仰角(°) 82.8±33.4 (73.3,92.3) 78.9±36.9 (68.4,89.4) 0.550 0.584
水平角(°) 5.59±5.17 (4.12,7.06) -6.54±5.67 (-8.15,-4.93) 11.20 0.001a
T環運行時間(ms) 187.2±28.9 (180.0,195.4) 174.9±24.5 (167.9,181.8) 2.304 0.023a
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T環離支時間(ms) 118.3±33.2 (108.9,127.8) 102.6±33.1 (93.2,112.0) 2.364 0.020a
T環回支時間(ms) 68.9 ±28.5 (60.8,77.0) 72.2±31.7 (63.2,81.3) -0.554 0.581
T 環 長 0.32±0.26 (0.24,0.39) 0.45±0.84 (0.21,0.68) -1.021 0.310
T 環 寬 0.36±0.28 (0.28,0.44) 0.47±0.83 (0.23,0.71) -0.896 0.372
T 環 長/寬 0.88±0.14 (0.84,0.92) 0.95±0.20 (0.89,1.00) -1.945 0.055
T 環 面積 69.8±8.8 (44.9,94.7) 91.5±14.8 (49.4,133.6) -0.891 0.375
最大向量值(mv) 0.53±0.57 (0.37,0.69) 0.76±1.41 (0.36,1.16) -1.084 0.281
水平角(°) 31.9 ±48.0 (18.3,45.5) 14.0±5.1 (-5.7,2.9) 1.800 0.075
仰角(°) 77.2 ±28.8 (69.0,85.4) 71.1±29.1 (62.9,79.4) 1.052 0.296
注: * ()內依次為雙側95%可信區間的下限和上限;a:表示男女之間有統計學差異
表2??空間除、復極聯合參數
觀測指標 男性 女性 t P
95%可信區間* 95%可信區間*
QRS-T比值 3.12±1.51 (2.69,3.55) 3.71±2.61 (2.96,4.45) -1.375 0.173
QRS-T夾角(°) 50.6±33.1 (41.2,60.1) 48.2±28.7 (40.1,56.3) 0.394 0.694
注: * ()內依次為雙側95%可信區間的下限和上限
1?資料與方法
1.1?一般資料
山西醫科大學第二醫院2013年9~12月參加體檢的人員,選擇血糖、血壓,肝腎功、血脂、心肌酶、凝血系列、甲狀腺系列、血尿便常規(上述化驗的各指標均在正常范圍),心電圖、心臟彩超、腹部彩超均正常,無心肺疾病的男女各50人(男性年齡范圍:25~71歲,平均年齡:46.5±12.9歲;女性年齡范圍24~72歲:平均年齡:42.3±11.5歲),采集立體心電圖參數。正常血糖定義為空腹靜脈血糖(己糖激酶法測定,范圍4.2~6.1mmol/L)及糖化血紅蛋白(HPLC法測定,<6.0%)均正常。血壓正常定義為既往無高血壓病病史,且測量3次不同時間段血壓均<140/90mm Hg。
1.2?方法與指標
立體心電圖參數,使用北京卡迪斯醫療科技有限公司生產的立體心電圖儀,采用Frank導聯體系[8],取平臥位采集。
分析參數包括:空間QRS-T夾角:即平均空間QRS電軸和平均空間T電軸間的夾角;QRS-T比值:即最大QRS向量、T向量振幅比值;S-T時間、ST向量振幅、ST向量仰角、ST向量水平角;空間T環運行時間、離支時間、回支時間,最大空間T向量振幅、仰角、水平角,T環長、寬、長/寬、面積。(注[9]:仰角:相應向量與Y軸正向夾角;水平角:相應向量與X軸正向夾角;位X軸前,水平角為正;位X軸后,水平角為負)
1.3?統計學處理
使用SPSS 17.0軟件進行統計學分析,計量資料采用()表示,男女兩組比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2?結果
2.1?空間復極向量參數
正常成年男女立體心電圖空間復極參數的正常值及雙側95%可信區間見表1。男女相比,女性ST時間更長,而T環運行時間和離支時間更短;女性的ST向量位于X軸后,與X軸正向夾角為(-6.54°±5.67°),而男性的ST向量位于X軸前,與X軸正向的夾角為(5.59°±5.17°)。余參數男女間差異無統計學意義。
2.2?空間除、復極聯合參數
正常成年男女立體心電圖除、復極向量聯合參數—QRS-T比值和QRS-T夾角的正常值及雙側95%可信區間見表2,男女相比,差異無統計學意義。
3?討論
立體心電圖是利用計算機成像技術,按心臟激動時間順序連接各瞬間心臟綜合向量而形成的三維空間心電向量環[2],具有安全無創、操作簡單的優點,且較常規心電圖可提供更多信息。
研究表明空間QRS-T夾角增大者心血管相關疾病的死亡率更大[10-12],故該夾角的預后作用是目前研究焦點,但究竟空間QRS-T夾角達到多少,對預測惡性心律失常的發生價值最大?多個研究中[12-13],提出了不同的界值,但目前對正常QRS-T夾角的范圍及異常界值的劃分尚無定論。國外Draisma等[14]對660個健康青年男女進行分析發現,男女性空間QRS-T夾角的均值分別為:(80°±24°)(98%可信區間為30°~ 130°)、(66°±23°)(98%可信區間為20°~ 116°)。國內李俊偉[15]等對33個冠造陰性者進行了分析發現其空間QRS-T夾角值為(59.6°±46°),與本研究結果相似。ST段和T環的改變,對心肌缺血的診斷意義重大,故制定這些參數的正常參考值也很重要。本研究分析后得出ST段和T環各參數的正常范圍見前文所述。此外,空間QRS-T比值代表最大QRS向量與最大T向量振幅比值,心肌缺血時心電圖上該值大于4。既往也有文獻[16] 將平面QRS-T比值<4,作為心電向量圖診斷冠心病心肌缺血的標準之一,但未見有關空間QRS-T比值正常值的相關文獻。本研究測得正常男女的空間QRS-T比值分別為(3.12±1.51)(95%可信區間為2.69~3.55)、(3.71±2.61)(95%可信區間為2.96~4.45),有參考價值。
[參考文獻]
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[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價值[J].臨床心電學雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.
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[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.
[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.
[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.
[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.
[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.
[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.
[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.
[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.
[15] 李俊偉,王建理,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖心室復極參數的分析[J].中國醫藥指南,2012,6(10):1-2.
[16] 陳珙,鐘俊芳.頻譜心電圖和心電圖陽性的臨床意義[J].上海醫學,1998,21(8):477-478.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31)
endprint
[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價值[J].臨床心電學雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.
[6] 孟祥睿,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖T環復極參數在無癥狀心肌缺血診斷中的價值[J].中國醫藥科學,2013,3(9):15-17.
[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.
[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.
[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.
[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.
[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.
[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.
[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.
[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.
[15] 李俊偉,王建理,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖心室復極參數的分析[J].中國醫藥指南,2012,6(10):1-2.
[16] 陳珙,鐘俊芳.頻譜心電圖和心電圖陽性的臨床意義[J].上海醫學,1998,21(8):477-478.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31)
endprint
[5] 范書英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立體心電圖對陳舊心肌梗死的診斷價值[J].臨床心電學雜志,2008,17(4):292-294.
[6] 孟祥睿,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖T環復極參數在無癥狀心肌缺血診斷中的價值[J].中國醫藥科學,2013,3(9):15-17.
[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.
[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.
[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.
[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.
[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.
[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.
[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.
[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.
[15] 李俊偉,王建理,王紅宇.立體心電向量圖心室復極參數的分析[J].中國醫藥指南,2012,6(10):1-2.
[16] 陳珙,鐘俊芳.頻譜心電圖和心電圖陽性的臨床意義[J].上海醫學,1998,21(8):477-478.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31)
endprint