劉漢+劉穎+曹秀峰
[摘要] 我國是食管癌高發國家,發病人數占全球一半以上,國內食管癌的死亡率為17.38/10萬,居惡性腫瘤的第4位。miRNA是新發現的一種具有高度進化保守性的單鏈RNA,在轉錄后水平引起靶mRNA降解或翻譯抑制。miRNA的表達水平與食管癌的類型、預后等密切相關。在外周血中,miRNA水平也表現出顯著的腫瘤相關性、組織特異性和表達穩定性。隨著食管癌發病率不斷增加,人們更加關注食管癌的發病機制及早期分子生物學標志物的研究。
[關鍵詞] miRNA;食管癌;生物標志物
[中圖分類號] R735.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)07-43-05
Advances in study on miRNA in esophageal cancer
LIU Han LIU Ying CAO Xiufeng
Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006,China
[Abstract] China is a country of high incidence of esophageal cancer, incidence accounted for more than half of the world, the esophageal cancer mortality rate was 17.38/10 million, ranking the fourth malignant tumor. miRNA is a highly evolutionary conservation of the single stranded RNA newly found, cause the target mRNA degradation or translational inhibition at the post transcriptional level. Abnormal expression of miRNA and esophageal cancer occurrence, differentiation, metastasis and recurrence are closely related. In the peripheral blood, miRNA also showed significant tumor correlation, tumor tissue specificity and tumor expression stability. With the increasing incidence of esophageal cancer, the molecular mechanism of esophageal cancer and early molecular biomarkers will research more deeply. This paper reviewed the study on expression of miRNA occurred in diagnosis and treatment and prognosis of esophageal cancer.
[Key words] miRNA; Esophageal cancer; Biomarker
食管癌起病隱匿,男性發病率高于女性,死亡率居惡性腫瘤第4位[1],多數患者在確診時已進入中晚期,即便早期手術切除病灶,患者的5年生存率仍低于20%[2],其中75%的患者在確診后1年內死亡[3]。目前,尋找診治食管癌生物標記物已成為該領域的研究熱點。miRNA是具有在轉錄后水平調控基因表達功能的非編碼小分子RNA,參與細胞分裂增殖、分化與發育,以及代謝等許多重要的生物學過程,并參與機體許多病理生理過程[4]。miRNA可作為抑癌基因或癌基因,有致癌作用的miRNA也被稱為致癌miRNA。致癌miRNA的負調控與染色體的缺失、增加及易位有關[5-6]。研究顯示,鱗狀上皮食管癌患者中有特異的miRNA,有可能成為診斷食管癌的生物標志物[7]。
1 miRNA生物學特性
miRNA是1993年被Ambros等在秀麗新小桿線蟲中發現的單鏈RNA,具有高度進化保守性,
它位于基因內含子中,并由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ或Ⅲ轉錄為含有1個或幾個miRNA的原始miRNA,然后由核糖核酸酶Ⅲ內切酶Drosha和DGCR8切成約70個核苷酸大小的不完整的莖環核糖核酸,后者在核輸出蛋白和輸出素-5(Exp-5)的作用下,從細胞核轉運到細胞質中,此過程需G蛋白因子Ran參與,然后在RNA誘導的沉默復合體中DCR和Argonaute的作用下產生成熟的miRNA分子。一條鏈被降解,另一條成熟的miRNA進入RNA誘導的基因沉默復合物(RISC)中,形成非對稱性復合物。RISC中成熟的miRNA鏈可與其靶mRNA結合從而調控基因的表達[8]。miRNA的作用機制為:(1)mRNA降解,以植物擬南芥miR-171為代表,miRNA像siRNA一樣介導這些靶mRNA的降解[9-10]從而影響植物的生長發育;(2)翻譯抑制,以線蟲lin-4為代表,參與線蟲發育,抑制細胞凋亡、促進細胞增殖[11]。
2 miRNA在食管癌中的表達
miR-106b-25多順反子能通過抑制目標基因p21和Bim影響食管腫瘤的惡化和擴散[12]。miRNA在食管癌中可作為癌基因或抑癌基因[13]。對miRNA與食管癌關系的研究,目前主要集中在miR-21、miR-143、miR-203、miR-375、miR-328、miR-196a、miR-106b-25等miRNA的異常表達[14]。
2.1 miRNA表達與食管癌組織類型
Mathe等[15]通過芯片分析發現,食管鱗癌中miR-21、miR-223、miR-192和miR-194表達增高,miR-203在癌組織中則呈現低表達。王江峰[16]對84例食管鱗癌組織標本中研究發現,miR-29b與癌旁正常組織比較,低表達為48例,正常表達28例,高表達8例,且miR-29b低表達的患者浸潤程度低,TMN分期早,預后好。羅君[17]在食管鱗癌中發現miR-31較正常組織表達上調,推測其可能具有促進鱗癌發生的作用。與Barrett化生不同,miR-31在腺癌和高級別異型增生組織中的表達較明顯下調,推斷miR-31可能具有抑制食管腺癌發生的作用[18]。有研究發現,在食管磷癌中miR-25、miR-424、miR-151表達上調,miR-100、miR-99a、miR-29c、miR-140表達下調,miRNA表達異常能區分食管鱗癌和正常組織[19]。食管癌中miR-203和miR-205表達下調,以及miR-21表達上調可能和食管癌發生有關[20]。miR-373則通過抑制下游靶標抑癌基因LATS2的表達導致食管鱗癌的發生[21]。
Smith[22]研究提示,在腺癌組織中miR-194和miR-375明顯上調,而在鱗癌組織中miR-21上調,miR-375則下調。miR-196a介導的AnnexinA的表達抑制可促進食管癌細胞株的增殖活力和集落形成能力,抑制癌細胞的凋亡[23]。研究表明,miR-192和196a表達上調,以及miR-203表達下調與BE進展為食管腺癌有關[24],作為食管腺癌的癌前病變,BE食管患者miRNA表達與食管腺癌相關[25-26]。miRNA表達水平的檢測有益于正常組織和腫瘤組織的鑒別,并可作為預測BE患者病情的轉歸[15]。研究顯示,miRNA表達水平在重度異型增生和食管腺癌中差異顯著,而單純BE、輕度異型增生與正常組織比較未能顯示出顯著差別[27]。Kurashige等[28]研究表明,miR-21在所有食管鱗癌樣本中高表達,在患者術后的血漿檢測中,miR-21表達水平明顯下降。國外研究也證實miR-21和miR-205在食管鱗癌中的表達增高,在腫瘤細胞侵襲和淋巴結轉移的患者表達水平更高[29]。
2.2 miRNA表達與食管疾病進展
Feber等[20]研究表明,miRNA可能是食管癌進展的標志物。有報道miR-16-2、miR-30e的表達與食管腺癌的淋巴結轉移及預后有關[30]。在食管鱗癌發病過程中,miR-21的作用日益受到關注,miR-21過度表達不僅促進食管鱗癌細胞增殖,增強其對周圍組織的浸潤力,而且與腫瘤的分級和浸潤密切相關[31-32]。
2.3 miRNA表達與食管癌預后
miR-103和miR-107表達水平增高與食管癌患者的生存率降低相關[19]。在對30例日本ESCC患者組織標本的miRNA進行定量分析顯示,72個miRNA高表達與患者的生存率有關,其中miR-129的高表達造成的早期死亡率為低表達者的18.11倍,并提示miR-129為手術后ESCC患者有價值的獨立的預后標志[33]。Nguyen等[34]發現miRNA-375的表達可促進炎癥基因的表達,導致干擾素-r、白細胞介素-1等在癌組織中的表達,而后者與預后不良密切相關。研究顯示,在有Barrett食管的食管腺癌中,miR-375和miR-223低表達則患者的預后較差[15,35],而在食管鱗癌患者中miR-223、miR-31高表達預后較差[35-36]。臨床研究表明,術后化療的食管癌患者中,miR-200c、miR-21的表達升高以及miR-145表達降低的患者生存期較短[37]。miR-92a高表達與食管鱗癌的淋巴結轉移情況和TNM分期顯著相關,并且高表達患者的預后也較差[38]。食管鱗癌患者miR-23a、miR-26a、miR-27b、miR-96、miR-128b和miR-129高表達,在術后預后相對較差,而miR-103和miR-107低表達則患者術后的生存時間較長[33]。新近研究表明,miR-296、miR-129表達降低的食管癌患者存活時間相對較長[39]。miR-99band miR-199a_3p and _5p與食管腺癌患者淋巴結轉移密切相關[40]。Ogawa等[33]研究發現,淋巴結浸潤的食管癌miR-92高表達,血管浸潤的食管癌中miR-139低表達。因此,檢測miRNA的表達譜有助于判斷食管癌患者的預后。
3 miRNA對食管癌的調控
3.1 促進食管癌轉移
研究表明,miR-21在伴有淋巴結轉移的患者中的表達較無淋巴結轉移的患者顯著升高[32]。Tian研究發現[41]miR-10b在KYSE140細胞中高表達能增加細胞的能動性及侵潤性,而miR-10b在EC9706細胞中低水平表達則降低細胞的侵潤性。袁氏等[42]通過miRNA的轉染及對照實驗,發現miR-203對食管鱗癌細胞株Eca109具有抑制增殖、促進凋亡、抑制侵襲的作用。
3.2 對食管癌細胞增殖的調控
Yuan等[43]研究顯示,miR-203能抑制ESCC細胞增殖。miR-210能通過誘導G1/G0期及G2/M期細胞死亡和周期停滯來抑制癌細胞的生存及增殖[44]。在食管癌中,miR-375可上調它下游的3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶-1的表達而起到抑癌作用[45]。miR-145和miR-133a/b直接與致癌基因纖維束蛋白同源物1作用而抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖與侵襲[46]。miR-29c則通過抑制細胞周期蛋白E的表達誘導細胞周期停滯于G0/G1期,從而抑制腫瘤細胞增殖[47]。國內學者研究miRNA在食管癌細胞株及組織樣本中的表達,結果表明,在所有食管癌細胞株中均有Let-7g、miR-21和miR-195p表達,而miR-16-2、miR-30e、miR-34a、miR-126和miR-200a在某些細胞株中表達,不表達的則有miR-9和miR-20a[30]。有研究顯示miR-141可以下調SOX17基因表達從而激活Wnt信號通路使得食管癌進展加快[48]。
4 miRNA及其靶基因檢測
miRNA檢測方法:(1)Northern blotting,是檢測miRNA表達最主要的手段,此方法的缺點在于靈敏度較低,且不能進行高通量的檢測。(2)RT-PCR,用來檢測miRNA前體的表達水平,實時熒光定量PCR可精確的定量分析miRNA 的表達。(3)芯片技術(microarray),是一種更快、更廣泛、更有前途的研究方法。
5 miRNA與腫瘤的診治
5.1 miRNA與腫瘤的診斷
miRNA在人體血清和血漿中穩定存在,并具有組織特異性,在同一物種的不同個體之間具有相對穩定性、復現性和一致性[49]。國內外研究表明,miRNA表達譜對食管癌疾病的預測有一定作用,其中miRNA表達譜在BE食管腺癌患者中的預測率達到77%、食管鱗癌的預測率可以達到82%[15];與正常食管鱗狀上皮比較,特異miRNA表達譜在低度不典型增生BE食管、高度不典型增生BE食管和食管腺癌中的預測率分別達到60%、90%和100%[27]。有發現腫瘤浸潤越深,miR-31表達越高,病理分期越晚,miR-31表達越高,在有淋巴結轉移的癌組織中,miR-21表達比無淋巴結轉移的癌組織中更高[18]。對BE組織中miRNA的表達檢測結果發現,BE組織中miRNA對預測異型增生的存在有較高的靈敏性和特異性[50]。臨床研究表明,某些食管鱗癌中原發腫瘤、淋巴結轉移、血管浸潤和淋巴管浸潤與特異miRNA表達譜之間的存在相關性[33]。
5.2 miRNA與腫瘤治療
實驗表明,敲除或敲減腫瘤細胞中致癌性miRNA或在腫瘤細胞中引入抑癌的miRNA可控制腫瘤細胞的生長。把miRNA作為檢測指標和治療的靶點,為治療腫瘤提供新的策略。研究MDR相關基因的表達對食管癌MDR的發生、發展以及逆轉治療過程中的多藥耐藥現象起著重要的作用[51-52]。有研究顯示,miR296表達水平下降在增強食管癌對抗腫瘤藥物反應的同時,促進了腫瘤細胞的凋亡[53]。Hummel等[54]研究也證實,miR-148a表達上調可增加食管腺癌對順鉑和5-氟脲嘧啶的敏感性。
6 結語
食管癌是死亡率較高的惡性腫瘤,其中一半以上患者在我國,目前仍有增長趨勢。研究miRNA調控網絡與食管癌之間的關系,不僅有助于我們明確食管癌的發病機制,還可能在不久的將來尋找早期診斷食管癌的生物標志物,為進一步防治食管癌打下基礎。
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(收稿日期:2014-02-28)