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Latarjet手術治療癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位伴重度骨缺損的短期療效分析

2014-07-05 13:14:02楊國勇向明陳杭胡曉川唐浩琛
中華肩肘外科電子雜志 2014年2期
關鍵詞:骨關節炎癲癇手術

楊國勇 向明 陳杭 胡曉川 唐浩琛

Latarjet手術治療癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位伴重度骨缺損的短期療效分析

楊國勇 向明 陳杭 胡曉川 唐浩琛

目的研究Latarjet手術治療癲癇患者肩關節復發性前脫位伴有重度骨缺損的短期療效。方法2006年4月至2009年10月,對多例患者結合三維CT掃描和肩關節鏡對肩關節復發性前脫位的肩盂前緣骨缺損和肱骨頭后外側的Hill-Sachs損傷的范圍和程度進行評估,當肩盂呈倒梨形(骨缺損>肩盂寬度的25%),合并或伴有Engaging Hill-Sachs損傷,即運用Latarjet手術進行治療,并對其中的7例癲癇患者作回顧性分析。其中男性4例,女性3例,年齡20~49歲,平均27.5歲。術前均有Apprehension sign陽性,平均脫位17.5次(13~28次),隨訪時采用ASES評分、Constant-Murley評分以及Rowe評分進行功能評估。結果本組患者隨訪36~60個月,平均46.3個月,術后制動2周后即在醫生指導下按計劃進行肩關節功能康復和力量恢復訓練,術后6個月時三維CT顯示喙突轉位骨塊均與肩胛頸愈合。術前與終末次隨訪相比較:前屈上舉(150.5±20.9)°與(169.0±13.5)°比較,差異無統計學意義(t=-1.967,P>0.05),平均體側外旋為(54.2±11.2)°與(40.2±6.8)°比較,差異有統計學意義(t=2.827,P<0.05),ASES評分81.1±15.7與92.3±6.7比較,差異無統計學意義(t=-1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley評分為79.4±11.4與92.2±4.2比較,差異有統計學意義(t=-2.788,P<0.05),Rowe評分平均為42±1.5與76±1.8比較,差異有統計學意義(t=-38.392,P<0.05);終末次隨訪時X線片顯示有2例患者出現早期骨關節炎表現。結論癲癇患者繼發復發性肩關節前脫位伴有重度骨缺損治療比較棘手,肩關節鏡下或切開錨釘重建修復Bankart損傷術后脫位復發率較高,風險較大,在控制癲癇后選擇Latarjet重建手術能提供較好的靜力穩定性,從而有效減少脫位的復發率。

Latarjet;骨缺損;肩關節;脫位;喙突;癲癇

癲癇患者在癲癇發作時由于強烈的肌肉收縮或因抽搐時跌倒導致的肩關節脫位,在治療上比較棘手[1-3]。50%以上的脫位需要去醫院給予復位處理,嚴重的影響了患者的生活質量。前脫位極少,發生前脫位的原因大多是因為患者在癲癇發作時,因他人牽拉患者手,幫助其站立時出現的。后脫位最常見,許多文獻都對癲癇患者肩關節后脫位作了經典的描述,而此類患者出現肩關節前脫位并不常見[2]。文獻報道處理此類肩關節前方不穩定的方法包括非手術治療、軟組織手術和骨性阻擋手術[2-3,12]。軟組織穩定手術在療效以及再脫位發生率方面的結果不如骨性重建手術樂觀[3-5]。文獻報道骨性阻擋手術有較低的再脫位發生率和翻修率[2]。Latarjet手術就是其中比較典型的重建肩盂前下骨缺損的方法[6],喙突移位后,術中將前下關節囊與保留在喙突上的喙肩韌帶殘端相縫合,聯合腱位于肩胛下肌及前下關節囊的前方,起懸吊作用[7]。而有關運用Latarjet手術治療癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位的報道較少。本文回顧性分析我院7例癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位伴重度骨缺損,采用Latarjet技術,隨訪3~5年的臨床療效及影像學結果。

材料和方法

一、研究對象

自2006年4月至2009年10月,共有7例癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位伴重度骨缺損,在我院接受Latarjet手術治療,主刀醫師為同一位高年資醫師。患者發生第一次肩關節脫位時的癲癇病史平均為4年(1.4~7年),其中有1例先前接受過軟組織穩定手術。在我院接受Latarjet手術治療的患者年齡20~49歲,平均為27.5歲,其中男性4例,女性3例。5例為優勢側,2例為非優勢側。第一次脫位與本次手術間隔時間平均為4(2.5~9)年,本次手術前脫位平均次數為15(8~30)次。所有患者第一次脫位都出現在癲癇發作時,隨后的脫位大多數是在癲癇抽搐時出現的,也有在日常生活或參加體育活動時出現。7例患者均獲得隨訪,平均隨訪46.3(36~60)個月。所有病例均記錄了術前與術后肩關節主動前屈上舉、體側外旋功能以及恐懼試驗的結果。末次隨訪時根據患者肩關節穩定性、功能及活動度,按Rowe評分法進行評分[8],滿分為100分,其中穩定性占50分,功能占30分,活動度占20分,該方法由康復師根據患者恢復情況進行評分。所有患者術前、術后均按統一的影像學檢查方法進行評估。在前臂外旋、內旋以及中立位拍攝標準的肩關節前后位片及骨三維成像,以評估 Hill-Sachs損傷情況[9],并采用 Samilson等[10]的方法判斷骨關節炎的程度及分級。骨關節炎分為3級,1級:輕度,肱骨頭下方和/或肩盂骨贅高度<3mm;2級:中度,骨贅高度3~7mm,伴輕度的盂肱關節不規則;3級:重度,骨贅高度>7mm,關節間隙狹窄,軟骨下骨硬化。所有病例術前、術后均攝岡上肌出口位、Bernageau位X線片[11]及CT掃描,以評估術前肩盂前份骨缺損情況以及術后移位喙突愈合情況。本組病例均為癲癇患者癲癇發作時繼發復發性肩關節前脫位,術中均使用沙灘椅體位,采用胸大肌三角肌入路。在距離喙突附著點1cm處切斷喙肩韌帶,游離胸小肌后行喙突基底部截骨,將喙突下方骨面磨平新鮮化后使用2.8mm鉆頭垂直于該平面鉆孔備用,距離該孔1cm左右鉆入1.5mm克氏針一枚作操作桿用。于肩胛下肌中份平行該肌纖維劈開該肌,在關節緣1~2cm處縱向打開關節囊,將肩盂前下份骨缺損處新鮮化后,轉位喙突骨塊,調整好骨塊位置,將先前鉆入的1.5mm克氏針向肩盂頸部鉆入,臨時固定移植之喙突,再沿喙突骨塊上已鉆好的2.8mm備用孔,在導鉆引導下向肩胛頸部鉆孔,測量后選適當長度的3.5mm皮質骨螺釘固定,C臂X線機反復透視確認骨位及內固定位置較好后,將臨時固定的克氏針取出,距離第一枚螺釘1cm處再鉆孔,擰入第二枚3.5mm皮質骨螺釘。完成喙突轉位植骨后,即刻行肩關節前抽屜試驗,判斷肱骨頭骨缺損即肱骨頭后外側的Hill-Sachs損傷程度對肩關節前向穩定性的影響,若有明顯不穩定,則使用自體髂骨植骨術治療,使用螺釘固定髂骨骨塊(本組病例有2例取自體髂骨植骨處理Hill-Sachs損傷)。C臂X線機再次確認骨位及內固定位置,沖洗后將喙肩韌帶殘端與關節囊相縫合,逐層關閉切口。術后使用頸腕肘吊帶懸吊保護患肢6周,術后第2天即開始肩關節被動前屈上舉及外旋活動,6周后開始肩關節主動活動,術后3個月通過體檢及影像學檢查確認移植喙突骨塊愈合較好后逐步開始恢復日常工作及活動。

二、統計學分析

采用SPSS 13.0統計軟件進行統計分析,兩組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間比較采用t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

結 果

肩關節平均前屈上舉從術前150°(100°~180°)升至術后169°(90°~180°),兩者比較差異無統計學意義(t=-1.967,P>0.05)。平均體側外旋從術前的54.2°(10°~90°)降至術后40.2°(5°~75°),兩者比較差異有統計學意義(t=2.827,P<0.05)。術前所有患者恐懼試驗均為陽性,術后至末次隨訪時有1例陽性。末次隨訪時Rowe評分為76(35~100)分,根據穩定性、活動度以及功能分別評分,平均得分為36(0~50)分,16(0~20)分和24(0~30)分。ASES評分術后92.3分與術前81.1分比較差異無統計學意義(t=-1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley評分[23]術后92.2分與術前79.4分比較差異有統計學意義(t=-2.788,P<0.05)。術前影像學檢查證實所有患者肩盂前下均有明顯的骨缺損(典型病例見圖1~12)以及Hill-Sachs損傷,并且肩盂骨缺損超過25%;根據Samilson等[10]的描述,術前有2例患者有輕度的骨關節炎改變,至末次隨訪2例患者骨關節炎改變進展為中度,還有2例患者出現輕度骨關節炎改變。無一例出現螺釘松動、斷裂或穿出,無一例發生移植之喙突骨塊骨折。術后3例患者有癲癇發作史,其中有2例在癲癇發作時出現肩關節再脫位。再脫位的平均年齡為24.3(20~32)歲,而沒有再出現脫位的平均年齡為35.6(25~55)歲。另外還有1例患者術后12個月時影像學檢查時發現喙突尖出現骨折,患者否認外傷史,并且無異常特征及不適。3例患者術后再脫位距離Latarjet手術的平均時間為26(14~48)個月。兩例患者均拒絕接受進一步的補救干預手術。

圖1 術前正位X線片 圖2 術前側位X線片 圖3 術前肩胛盂en-face view 圖4 術前CT掃描,提示肩胛盂前方骨缺損圖5 術后正位X線片 圖6 術后側位X線片 圖7 術后肩胛盂en-ace view 圖8 術后CT掃描 圖9 手術切口像 圖10術后3年前屈上舉功能像 圖11 術后3年外旋功能像 圖12 術后3年內旋功能像

討 論

Latarjet手術針對復發性肩關節前脫位是行之有效的方法[13-14]。其穩定肩關節的作用有:(1)骨塊增加了脫位前肱骨頭在肩盂上移動的安全面積;(2)上臂外展外旋時,聯合腱可發揮動力系帶的作用阻擋肱骨頭向前移動;(3)轉位的喙突和聯合腱跨過肩胛下肌中下1/3能起到肌腱固定的效應,并且通過縫合喙肩韌帶殘端從而加固前下方關節囊的缺損[7]。文獻報道其長期隨訪療效好,且并發癥少[14-16]。癲癇患者可能在癲癇發作時出現肩關節脫位[1-3],其中關于肩關節后脫位,包括絞鎖型肩關節骨折后脫位的 報道較 多[1,3,17-22]。而 有關癲 癇患者肩關節復發性前脫位的相關文獻報道較少,其治療也極具挑戰[2-3]。癲癇相關的肩關節后脫位的療效尚可,但前脫位的結果卻是令人沮喪[3]。有病例報道采用軟組織修復手術其失敗率為100%,其中3例為Putti-Platt手術,1例為關節囊修復手術[3]。越來越多的醫師開始傾向于重建肩盂和(或)修復肱骨頭骨缺損,以降低肩關節前或后脫位術后的肩關節不穩定[2-3]。1995年 Hutchinson等[2]報道13例癲癇患者接受骨移植治療復發性肩關節前脫位,共15例肩關節,手術時平均年齡29歲,10例脫位發生在癲癇發作時,3例系創傷性肩關節脫位,另外2例肩關節脫位無明顯誘因。筆者使用自體髂骨或同種異體股骨頭進行支撐植骨。平均隨訪2.7年,療效較好。Constant評分為91分,術后盡管有8例患者仍有癲癇發作,但均無再脫位發生,并且從影像學角度分析無骨關節炎改變。本組病例的結果與之相比有差異,這可能與患者的個體因素等相關。本組病例中,術前2例患者已存在盂肱關節骨關節炎改變。分析原因,可能是手術與第一次脫位間隔時間相對較長、肱骨頭和肩盂骨缺損較多以及脫位次數較多等因素有關。本組病例術后新增2例出現骨關節炎改變,發生率較高[28.6%(2/7)]。癲癇患者復發性肩關節脫位術后有較高并發癥發生率(50%),同樣的手術方式,再脫位發生率(43%)遠高于無癲癇患者,文獻報道后者再脫位的發生率在0%~15%[24-26]。本組病例術后再脫位為28.6%(2/7),均出現在癲癇再次發作時,并且患者的年齡相對較小,但差異無統計學意義,這可能與年輕患者的生活方式以及抗癲癇治療的依從性相對較差有一定的關系。文獻報道使用同種異體骨植骨重建肱骨頭骨缺損可以減少再脫位[2],本組有2例使用自體髂骨植骨術治療Hill-Sachs之骨缺損,筆者認為不管使用何種方法重建骨缺損,術后只要存在癲癇再發作,就有肩關節再脫位的可能。本組病例再脫位發生較少的原因可能系隨訪時間較短,Hutchinson等[2]報道平均隨訪2.7年,另外有文獻報道再脫位多發生在骨重建術后3~4年。Buhler等[3]報道了一組癲癇患者肩關節脫位的結果,其中前脫位17例,后脫位17例。17例前脫位患者中有2例行非手術治療,6例行軟組織手術(3 例 Putti-Platt術[12],2 例Bankart修復術,1例行關節囊轉移),2例行肱骨頭旋轉截骨術,7例行骨阻擋術(其中3例行Eden-Lange-Hybinette術[27-29],2例行同種異體骨植骨及Bankart修復術,1例行骨阻擋術及Bankart修復術,1例行Bristow術)。3例行Eden-Lange-Hybinette術后均出現肩關節再脫位。平均隨訪10年,再脫位率為47%;8例術后再出現前脫位的患者中有5例出現在癲癇再次發作時。基于這些類似的文獻報道,筆者非常贊同Buhler等[3]的觀點:術前和術后相對長的時間里,醫學干預控制癲癇疾病本身是手術成功的關鍵。另外,由于喙突自身形態的局限所在,其所能提供的有效骨量、寬度及體積是有限的,對于嚴重的肩盂骨缺損,當骨缺損長度遠大于喙突難以提供足夠的骨量時,應避免使用Latarjet手術,而選擇其他方法予以糾正,以降低術后復發率。使用Latarjet手術治療復發性肩關節前脫位時,骨缺損程度應控制在25%~30%。本組研究不足之處是研究病例數量較少,而且為回顧性研究,因此無法將Latarjet手術與其他手術方式進行比較研究。另外,由于癲癇患者在發作時發生肩關節前脫位非常少見,這也使得進行前瞻性研究更加困難。當然,本組病例所有患者均接受同一位主刀醫師治療,術后均按相同的計劃進行康復訓練,排除了不同外科醫師、不同康復醫師之間的偏差。

總之,癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位的治療極具挑戰性,在病情控制穩定后,可選擇使用Latarjet手術治療,但術后肩關節再脫位及骨關節炎的發生率較高,應引起足夠的重視。當然,對于癲癇未治愈的復發性肩關節前脫位的治療,是選擇Latarjet手術還是其他手術,尚有待進一步的研究。

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Curative effect analysis on Latarjet procedure in treatment of epileptic patients of recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder with severe osseous deficiency with 3-5years follow-up

YangGuoyong,XiangMing,ChenHang,HuXiaochuan,TangHaochen.DepartmentofUpperExtremity,SichuanProvincialOrthopadicHospital,Chengdu610041,China

:XiangMing,Email:josceph_xm@sina.com

BackgroundShoulder instability affects the young population and causes serious labor loss.High-energy injuries can cause fractures around the shoulder girdle,such as coracoid fractures.Individuals with an epileptic seizure disorder and anterior glenohumeral instability frequently have severe anteroinferior glenoid osseous deficiency and a posterior humeral head defect.The risk of a subsequent osseous deficiency among recurrent unstable shoulders in patients with seizure disorders is very high.Therefore,this is clinically important as patients with a seizure disorder and glenohumeral instability frequently require a primary osseous reconstructive procedure,such as coracoid osteotomy and transfer to the anterior glenoid rim (the Latarjet procedure),to address glenoid osseous deficiency.The aim of this study is to assess the effects of Latarjet procedure on the radiological and clinical results in cases with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder.MethodsThe study included 7patients with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation.Thecases were reviewed at a mean post-operative follow-up duration was 46.3months(range from 36 to 60months)from 2006to 2009.The average age of the patients was 27.5years old (range:20to 49 years old),including 4males and 3females.The average time between the first-time dislocation and operation was 4years (range:2.5to 9years).In addition to conventional anteroposterior and axillary radiographs,all patients underwent computed tomography(CT)as part of our routine protocol.Three-dimensional reformatting of these images enabled assessment of the degree of glenoid and humeral head bone loss and the post-operative bone healing.All scans were examined by a single observer.Further information specifically relating to previous shoulder injuries and seizures was obtained from patients.Symptoms previously described in association with shoulder dislocation,including anterior shoulder pain,weakness,and restricted shoulder motion,were specifically sought.Functional assessment was obtained using the parameters of three types of functional assessment systems(the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Assessment(ASES),the Constant-Murley Score and the Rowe Score).All patients underwent elective anterior shoulder stabilization (a standard Bristow-Latarjet procedure)performed by the same senior surgeon.The fragment was secured with two lag screws through the graft to obtain rotational control of the fragment to the glenoid rim.Then a special rehabilitation protocol and power recovery exercise was administered in all patients 2weeks after surgery.All patients were followed with radiographic and functional evaluations.ResultsOn the basis of preoperative CT scans and the arthroscopic appearances,all shoulders showed a severe glenoid-rim defect and Hill-Sachs lesions pre-operatively.Osteo-arthritic changes of the glenohumeral joint were seen in two shoulders (28.6%)pre-operatively and in four shoulders (57.1%)postoperatively.And the mean dislocation time was 17.5(range:13to 28times).These patients shared the common features of recurrent anterior instability in association with epileptic seizures and a severe osseous deficiency that was detectable on preoperative CT scans and was confirmed at surgery.The post-operative radiographic evaluations showed that all bone grafts healed without evidence of secondary displacement according to the three dimensional CT scan.The coracoid transposition bone and scapular neck was healed.Comparing the pre-operation condition with the final follow-up,forward elevation improved from 150.5±20.9preoperatively to 169.0±13.5postoperatively,while the average external rotational limitation measured in the neutral position of the arm decreased from 54.2±11.2to 42.2±6.8(t=2.827,P<0.05).ASES score improved from 81.1±15.7to 92.3±6.7(t=1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley score from 79.4±11.4to 92.2±4.2(t=-2.788,P<0.05).The mean Rowe score was 76 (range,45to 100)at the final follow-up.Re-dislocation during a seizure occurred in two shoulders(28.6%).And three patients had mild pain at the position of maximal abduction or external rotation.Secondary osteoarthritic changes of the glenohumeral joint were seen in two shoulders postoperatively.None of the patients had immediate postoperative complications.None had developed recurrent glenohumeral instability after surgery and only one person still had a passive apprehension sign at the time of the latest follow-up,ranging between thirty-six and sixty months postoperatively.On routine radiographs after surgery,there was no evidence of fixation failure or graft resorption in the shoulders.No one underwent revision surgery.Overall,most of the patients had satisfactory pain relief and daily living activities postoperatively at the time of the latest follow-up.ConclusionsThe anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the epileptic patients is really uncommon.The treatment of the secondary recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder associated with severe osseous deficiency is quite difficult,due to the unacceptably high rate of re-dislocation after the open or arthroscopic reconstruction surgery of the Bankart lesion.Our study assessed the effects of Latarjet procedure on the radiological and clinical results in seven cases with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder.The results suggested that when treating patients with an epileptic seizure disorder and recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability,effective control of the epileptic seizures is one of the most important methods to reduce the incidence of post-operative recurrent dislocation,because a compliant patient was very important for a successful clinical outcome.The Latarjet procedure can provide a satisfiedreconstruction of shoulder stability,but the possibility of re-dislocation and osteoarthritis should be also noticed.We recommend a high index of suspicion when treating patients with a seizure disorder who have anterior shoulder instability,and we recommend making apreoperative CT scan,if there is a strong likelihood that a coracoid transfer will be used at surgery.This enables the diagnosis of a coracoid fracture nonunion to be made prior to surgery and helps to determine whether there is sufficient bone to allow a Latarjet procedure to be performed.However,it needs further investment to choose an appropriate surgery procedure for the untreated epileptic patients.

Latarjet;Bony defect;Shoulder joint;Dislocation;Coracoid;Epilepsy

2013-05-11)

(本文編輯:李靜)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.02.005

610041 成都,四川省骨科醫院上肢科

向明,Email:josceph_xm@sina.com

楊國勇,向明,陳杭,等.Latarjet手術治療癲癇患者復發性肩關節前脫位伴重度骨缺損的短期療效分析[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(2):91-96.

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