小議“With”復合結構

王選玲

英語中大多數介詞后面接的都是名詞和動詞的ing形式，而with這個介詞比較特殊，其后還可接動名詞之外的結構。我們一起看一下With的復合結構。所謂with復合結構，就是with后面接名詞或者代詞做賓語，再加上形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、現在分詞或者過去分詞在句中做狀語。①With the door open， he went out.②With the light on.I fell asleep.③With a book in his hand，the teacher came in.④With a lot of work to do， I had to stay up.⑤With the work finished，I can sleep now.⑥With him helping me. I passed the exam.

那么，復合結構中不同的動詞形式有什么區別呢？動詞不定式包括兩種to do和to be done。兩者表示的都是將要發生的動作，區別在于：用to do形式動作的發出者在句中能找到，而to be done形式的動作的發出者在句中找不到。例如：With an exam to take， I have to prepare. With an exam to be held， I have to prepare.兩個句子的共同點在于考試這件事還沒發生，因此確定用to do或者to be done形式。區別不在于不定式和exam是主動還是被動關系，而是看take和hold的動作發出者能否在句中找到。第一個例子I我能發出take an exam參加考試這個動作。第二例子中hold an exam舉行考試這個動作的發出者在整個句中找不到，因此用to be done形式?，F在分詞形式表示分詞和其前面的名詞構成主動關系，并且動作正進行或者發生過。例如：With LiLei leading the way， I found the station easily.

過去分詞表示賓語補足語和賓語構成被動關系。例如：With his work finished， he went swimming.要熟練掌握“With”復合結構，關鍵是多練。以下是幾道練習題。

①John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work（ ）， he gladly accepted it. A.finished、B.finishing、C.having finished、D.was finished

②I couldnt do my homework with all that noise（ ）.A.going on、B.goes on、 C.went on、D.to go on

③（ ）our food （ ）， we had to walk to a village for help. A.Since，runs out；B.Because，run out；C.With，running out；D.For，running out

④With a lot of work（ ）， I couldnt go to see the doctor. A.to do、B.doing、C.done、D.has done

答案：A、A、C、A.

（遼寧省普蘭店三十八中學）