周晨光 王建平
[摘要] 抗N-甲基-M-天冬氨酸受體(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor)腦炎是一種自2007年確認的由抗NMDA受體抗體介導的可治性新型邊緣葉腦炎,好發于年輕女性,臨床上主要表現為發展迅速的神經和精神障礙綜合征,包括突出的精神行為異常、癲癇發作、異常運動、自主神經功能紊亂等,其中口面頜肌張力障礙和中樞性通氣不足是該病的相對特征性表現。MRI檢查無特異性改變,腦電圖常提示彌漫性的異常,常規腦脊液檢查無特異性,血和腦脊液中的NMDAR亞單位NR1抗體陽性可以明確診斷。對糖皮質激素、免疫球蛋白、血漿置換等免疫治療及腫瘤切除反應良好。為更好地認識該疾病,本文對其臨床特點及發病機制等做一綜述。
[關鍵詞] 新型邊緣葉腦炎;抗N-甲基-M-天冬氨酸受體抗體;中樞性通氣不足
[中圖分類號] R512.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)12-0157-04
[Abstract] Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)encephalitis is a treatable new limbic encephalitis associated with anti-NMDAR receptor antibaody, predominantly affecting young women which was identified in 2007. It is clinically characterized Psychiatric and Neurologic syndromes, including obvious mental and behavior disorder,seizures,movement disorders,autonomic dysfunction. Particulary orofacial dyskinesia and central hypoventilation.Magnetic resonance(MRI) imaging and Electroencephalography(ECG)test show no specificity, the disease is confirmed by the presence of NMDAR NR1 receptor antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid or serum. The patients repond well to tumor resection and immunotherapies, including corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange and so on. Clinical manifestations and mechanisms associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis will be discussed in this review and aim to improve the cognition of the diease.
[Key words] New limbic encephalitis; Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor;Central hypoventilation
邊緣葉腦炎是涉及海馬、島葉皮質、杏仁核、扣帶回等邊緣系統結構的一類炎癥性疾病[1]。1968年,Corsellis 等首次提出“邊緣性腦炎”這一概念,認為它是腫瘤相關性疾病,故又稱為副腫瘤邊緣性腦炎(PLE)[2]。隨著抗神經元細胞核(Hu)、抗副腫瘤蛋白PNMA2(Ma2/Ta)和少見的抗塌陷反應調節蛋白 5(CV2/CRMP5)、雙載蛋白等細胞內抗原[3]的發現,副腫瘤邊緣葉腦炎被認為是一種腫瘤相關的自身免疫性疾病。常常與肺癌、乳腺癌、睪丸癌或其他系統腫瘤等相關,而且對治療反應極差,預后不良。2005年,Vitaliani等[4]報道了4位以精神障礙、癲癇發作、記憶力下降、通氣不足為主要表現的年輕畸胎瘤女性患者,并在患者腦脊液和血清中發現不明體?!?br>