公務(wù)員“熱”召喚青年理性擇業(yè)

\"With a cup of tea， a cigarette and a newspaper， half a day passes.\" \"You use the gold bowl to eat. The rice is very sweet.\" \"You needn’t pay money for anything.\" …These are popular words that are used to describe the working conditions of civil servants. When civil servants become younger and younger and they have to bear more and more important responsibilities， the pressure of young civil servants also follows them.

“一杯茶一根煙，一張報(bào)紙看半天。”“你們捧的是金飯碗，吃飯香”“你們啥都不用自己花錢”……這些都是曾形容公務(wù)員工作狀態(tài)的流行語。可當(dāng)公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍越來越年輕化，公務(wù)員擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)穆氊?zé)越來越重要的的時(shí)候，再加上社會(huì)大眾給公務(wù)員帶上了“有色眼鏡”，青年公務(wù)員的壓力也隨之而來。

The job of civil servant is not that perfect

公務(wù)員職業(yè)并不完美

Although the hot wave hasn’t faded， under the bright appearance， civil servants are experiencing multiple pressures such as \"working pressure\"， \"promotion pressure\"， \"economic pressure\" and \"pressure from public opinion\". It is understood that in order to improve efficiency in Switzerland， some states have canceled the call of civil servants and use the name of \"governmental employees since 2002.\" This means that the government's relationship with employees is no longer permanent. Through employment by contract， the government may at any time dismiss government employees of poor performance. In Singapore， the level of civil servants’ income is lower than that of private enterprises’ employees. The discipline and the financial constraints are extremely strict. In addition， according to Japanese media reports， compared with ten years ago， the number of Japanese local civil servants who take annual leaves for a long time due to mental illness has increased 2.4 times in 2012， which made a record in the investigation since 1992. According to the minister of propaganda department of the Chinese Communist Youth League of Guizhou Province Jiang Yunli， in the survey of 900 young civil servants in Guizhou in March 2013， it was found that part of the young civil servants lacked self-confidence. Only 15.42% felt very confident. 23.91% felt unconfident. 27.37% thought that civil servants around them were full of passion and confidence. The non-confidence mainly came from their abilities， learning， training， selection， cultivation and etc.

Just as the saying goes， people who drink water know by themselves whether the water is warm or cold. \"When people are not civil servants， they feel that civil servants are good jobs. They desire to be civil servants. But when they become civil servants， they find the jobs are not so good.\" \"Besides， in recent years， civil servants are very popular. Chinese people follow the hot wave blindly.\" Xiao Gao who now works in an unit in Xiangtan in Hunan Province， China believes that many young people don't know why they register for the examination of civil servants.

\"It is harder and harder to be an official\". \"People say civil servants are idle. But I work so busily and I am so tired\". \"The monthly income is only more than 1000 yuan with no benefits\"... At present， as the policies and regulations of the welfare and promotion mechanisms are adjusted， public opinions on the work and life of young civil servants in China can be heard without end. A lot of people also begin to think about options of their ways of life.

雖然熱潮不減，但是在光鮮的職業(yè)外表下，公務(wù)員正經(jīng)歷著“工作壓力”、“晉升壓力”、“經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力”、“輿論壓力”等多重壓力。據(jù)悉，為了提高辦事效率，瑞士自2002年以來，取消了部分州的公務(wù)員稱呼，改為“政府雇員。”這意味著政府與雇員的關(guān)系不再是永久性的，而是通過合同聘用，政府可隨時(shí)解聘工作業(yè)績差的政府雇員。在新加坡，公務(wù)員的收入水平低于私營企業(yè)雇員的工資，且紀(jì)律和財(cái)務(wù)約束又極嚴(yán)。此外，據(jù)日本媒體報(bào)道，與十年前相比，2012年因精神疾病而長期休假的日本地方公務(wù)員人數(shù)增加了2.4倍，創(chuàng)下了自1992年調(diào)查以來的歷史最高紀(jì)錄。據(jù)中國共青團(tuán)貴州省委宣傳部部長蔣云麗透露，在2013年3月對(duì)貴州省900名青年公務(wù)員的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，部分青年公務(wù)員自信不足：感到非常自信的僅15.42%，不自信的23.91%；認(rèn)為身邊公務(wù)員充滿激情與自信的僅為27.37%。這些不自信主要來自自身能力、學(xué)習(xí)培訓(xùn)、選拔培養(yǎng)等方面。

正所謂，如人飲水，冷暖自知。“沒有進(jìn)入公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍的，都覺得里面好，削尖了腦袋想進(jìn)來，進(jìn)來了又發(fā)現(xiàn)不是那么回事。”“再加上這幾年公務(wù)員熱，中國人自古喜歡湊熱鬧，也就是‘羊群效應(yīng)’，你考我考大家考，很多人其實(shí)是一種盲從。”目前任職于中國湖南湘潭某機(jī)關(guān)單位的小高認(rèn)為，很多青年人其實(shí)并不清楚自己為什么報(bào)考公務(wù)員。

“官越來越不好當(dāng)”、“誰說公務(wù)員閑，我是累成狗了”、“月收入只有1000多塊，什么福利也沒用”……當(dāng)前，隨著公務(wù)員工作福利待遇、晉升機(jī)制等各項(xiàng)政策和規(guī)定的調(diào)整，關(guān)于中國青年公務(wù)員工作狀態(tài)和生活狀態(tài)的討論不絕于耳。很多人也紛紛開始思考自己人生的出路。

Xiao Chen is a civil servant in a customs office in Sanya， Hainan， China. He was from an excellent school. In 2011， with the dream to do something for the people， he participated in the national civil service exam. After the difficulties， he became a civil servant successfully. \"I come from the countryside. I am not afraid of bitterness and tiredness. I just want to actually do something for the people.\" \"Civil servants should provide wealth for the society， shouldn’t they?\"

At first， Xiao Chen was just like most civil servants at the grass-roots level. He sent newspaper， typewrote and sent water or tea... In his words， he did not do any things associated with the dream. After two years’ work， Xiao Chen said， \"Now most of my job is to write speeches for leaders and write work reports. It is really hard to do some practical work. Perhaps someday I will go to the business sector.\" The half-true answers made people not know whether to laugh or cry. Xiao Chen’s experiences may be an individual case. But it also reflects that the young civil servants’ working conditions and mentalities are in urgent need of guidance and adjustment.

小陳，中國海南三亞某海關(guān)單位的一名公務(wù)員，在學(xué)校里是眾人艷羨的“天之驕子”，2011年，懷抱著為人民群眾做點(diǎn)實(shí)事的理想?yún)⒓訃夜珓?wù)員考試，過五關(guān)、斬六將后，順利成為一名公務(wù)員。“我從農(nóng)村來的，不怕苦，不怕累，我當(dāng)初確實(shí)是懷著切切實(shí)實(shí)做點(diǎn)事的理想來的”，“公務(wù)員不就應(yīng)該是為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的提供者嗎？”

起初，小陳和大多數(shù)基層公務(wù)員一樣，發(fā)報(bào)紙、打字、端茶送水……用他的話說，就是沒做一點(diǎn)跟理想相關(guān)的事情。工作兩年后，小陳坦言，“現(xiàn)在我大部分時(shí)間就是幫領(lǐng)導(dǎo)寫講話稿、寫工作報(bào)告，要真正做點(diǎn)實(shí)事還是挺難的，除非下基層，說不定哪天我就下海了”。這句半真半假的回答，讓人啼笑皆非。小陳的經(jīng)歷，或許只是個(gè)案，但也反映了青年公務(wù)員的工作狀態(tài)和心態(tài)都亟需引導(dǎo)和調(diào)整。

Every trade has its masters

三百六十行，行行出狀元

“Pressure is common in every age and in every group. If the policy is proper， youth civil servants' growing pains will be transformed into the deep motivation for the future development of the state，\" said Tao Lianghu， Executive Vice President of School of Administration in Hubei province in China.

In 2014， a paper entitled “Problems of Civil Servants Are in Urgent Need to Be Solved” on China Science Daily pointed out that only by establishing a more scientific and reasonable mechanism of employment of civil servants， letting the right people stay in the team of civil servants， and proving those who want to seek a broader stage system a new chance to make their own choices， could young civil servants break through the siege and have a correct understanding of themselves and cognitive career.

As China uses the system of employment under contracts of civil servants， the secure jobs suddenly lose much attraction. \"The generation after 80s grew up after the reform and opening up. They generally have a strong sense of self-awareness and personal dream are more eager to obey the call of their hearts and engaged in to do what they like and are good at，\" said China Workers’ Daily. From the phenomenon of the resignation of civil servants， we can see that people with independent consciousness and personal ideals recognize the urgency of realizing their own value and seek the new stages suitable for themselves.

“壓力在每個(gè)時(shí)代、每個(gè)群體身上都普遍存在，如果政策得當(dāng)，青年公務(wù)員所面對(duì)的‘成長的煩惱’，將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為國家未來發(fā)展的深層動(dòng)力。”中國湖北省行政學(xué)院常務(wù)副院長陶良虎說。

2014年的開年，《中國科學(xué)報(bào)》在一篇名為《公務(wù)員“圍城”亟待破解》的文章中指出，只有建立更為科學(xué)合理的公務(wù)員進(jìn)出機(jī)制，讓合適的人才留在公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍中，同時(shí)給那些想要尋求更廣闊舞臺(tái)的體制內(nèi)人重新選擇的機(jī)會(huì)，青年公務(wù)員才能突破圍城困擾，進(jìn)而正確認(rèn)識(shí)自己，認(rèn)知自己的職業(yè)。

隨著中國各地紛紛試水聘用制公務(wù)員，曾經(jīng)的“鐵飯碗”頓時(shí)失去了不少光芒。“成長于改革開放后的80后，普遍有強(qiáng)烈的自我意識(shí)和個(gè)人夢(mèng)想，更渴望聽從內(nèi)心的召喚，從事自己喜歡和擅長的工作。”中國《工人日?qǐng)?bào)》分析稱。從公務(wù)員的辭職現(xiàn)象可以看出，有著獨(dú)立意識(shí)，個(gè)人理想的人紛紛認(rèn)識(shí)到實(shí)現(xiàn)自身價(jià)值的迫切性，尋求新的適合自己的舞臺(tái)。

We have learned that in Russia， many young people don't think a job is a lifetime career， they think different work experiences can let one develop better. Even if they have the jobs of civil servants which are admired by many people， as long as they find their abilities， interests and jobs do not conform with them， many of them will choose to find other jobs according to their own development needs.

Xia Taotao from Sichuan， China， is a typical \"post-85\". After graduating from a college in 2009， Xia Taotao decided to return to his hometown to start his own businesses of developing the cultivation of local chickens after serious thoughts. Xia Taotao’s major in the university was science. At first he didn’t know anything about the technology of raising chickens. In order to realize his dream， he bought a lot of books about raising chickens. He learned while doing. Everything comes to him who waits. In August 2013， Xia Taotao and his girlfriend successfully opened an exclusive shop of local chickens. Xia Taotao’s entrepreneurial success makes us believe that as long as young people set up the correct employment view and have good career planning， many jobs besides civil servants can lead to success.

At present， encouraging college students to become self-employed is an important aspect of the national government’s employment policies. The Thai government has issued many preferential policies， including providing students of entrepreneurship with some loan subsidies， etc. The French government implements the project of \"university students’ enterprise\" to encourage the construction of innovative enterprise incubators. Aimed at young entrepreneurs， a series of measures such as tax remission were provided. The government provides young entrepreneurs all kinds support from policies to funds. In terms of encouraging young students to become self-employed， China also provides positive policies such as tax incentives and small loans.

據(jù)了解，在俄羅斯，很多青年人認(rèn)為沒有一份工作是一輩子的職業(yè)，他們認(rèn)為不同的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以讓自己發(fā)展得更好。即便是羨煞眾人的公務(wù)員工作，只要發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的能力、興趣與工作崗位不符合，很多青年人都會(huì)根據(jù)自身發(fā)展需要另辟天地。

夏韜滔，來自中國四川，典型的“85后”。2009年大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，夏韜滔經(jīng)過認(rèn)真思考，決定回鄉(xiāng)自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，發(fā)展土雞養(yǎng)殖事業(yè)。畢業(yè)于理科專業(yè)的夏韜滔，起初對(duì)養(yǎng)雞技術(shù)一竅不通。為了達(dá)成自己的理想，他買了一大堆養(yǎng)雞書籍進(jìn)行研究，邊學(xué)邊干。功夫不負(fù)有心人，2013年8月，夏韜滔和女友成功開設(shè)了一家土雞專賣店。夏韜滔的創(chuàng)業(yè)成功證明，青年人只要樹立正確的就業(yè)觀，擁有良好的職業(yè)規(guī)劃，并非只有公務(wù)員這一條通天大道。

目前，鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)生自主創(chuàng)業(yè)是各國政府就業(yè)政策的一個(gè)重要方面。泰國政府曾出臺(tái)許多優(yōu)惠政策，包括給予創(chuàng)業(yè)大學(xué)生一定貸款補(bǔ)貼等。法國政府實(shí)施“大學(xué)青年企業(yè)”項(xiàng)目，鼓勵(lì)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新企業(yè)孵化器，針對(duì)青年創(chuàng)業(yè)者，更有創(chuàng)業(yè)初期減免稅費(fèi)等一系列措施，為青年創(chuàng)業(yè)提供從政策到資金的各類支持。中國在鼓勵(lì)青年學(xué)生自主創(chuàng)業(yè)方面，也提供稅費(fèi)優(yōu)惠和小額貸款的利好政策。

Promote youths’ rational employment in various ways

多管其下促進(jìn)青年理性就業(yè)

Just as the saying goes: “It’s easy to draw on white paper.” Recently， many young people find that the profession they take after graduation does not match their dreams. Therefore， many scholars think that schools should organize students to take internships and strengthen the pre-employment training of students. In 2007， Gao Xiaomei， deputy director of Shanghai Intellectual Property Bureau， said: “If students can be inspired to have career planning in college， they are more likely to have enthusiasm and fast development in future work.”

According to the media， in Australia， students take internship and learn “industry experience”， especially for the students of engineering who can graduate only by taking the professional internship of twelve weeks approved by “Australian Engineers Association”. The French government also encourages students to take internship can call this as an indispensible “l(fā)earning platform”. In 2009， the English government plans to carry out “national learning plan” to help those students who have not found work to have a three-month internship at enterprises or organizations to help them finally obtain employment. In China， although there is no written speculation of internship， many places have trials of intern reserve plans one after another. For instance， Tianjin， China has carried out “double hundred plan of intern reserve” which connects vocational schools with enterprise lack of staff and makes enterprises become the teaching base of college students’ internship.

俗話說，“白紙上好作畫”。如今，很多青年人就業(yè)后發(fā)現(xiàn)從事的職業(yè)和自己的理想并不相符。因此，很多專家學(xué)者認(rèn)為，學(xué)校方面要多組織學(xué)生參與各類實(shí)習(xí)，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的職前培訓(xùn)。2007年時(shí)任中國上海知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局副局長高小枚就表示:“如果在大學(xué)階段，就能夠啟發(fā)學(xué)生做些職業(yè)規(guī)劃，可能更有利于學(xué)生在工作崗位上充滿熱情，并得到較快的發(fā)展”。

據(jù)媒體報(bào)道，在澳大利亞，大學(xué)生通過實(shí)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)“行業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)”的現(xiàn)象很普遍，特別是工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生，必須通過“澳大利亞工程師協(xié)會(huì)”核準(zhǔn)的12周專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，才能畢業(yè)。法國政府也非常鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)，稱這一行動(dòng)為必不可少的“學(xué)習(xí)平臺(tái)”。2009年，英國政府計(jì)劃推行“國家實(shí)習(xí)計(jì)劃”，幫助未能找到工作的學(xué)生到企業(yè)或其他機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)習(xí)3個(gè)月，幫助他們最終實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。在中國，崗前實(shí)習(xí)雖沒有明文規(guī)定，但很多地市紛紛試水實(shí)習(xí)生儲(chǔ)備計(jì)劃，如中國天津從2013年開始實(shí)施“實(shí)習(xí)生儲(chǔ)備雙百計(jì)劃”，讓職業(yè)院校與重點(diǎn)缺工企業(yè)對(duì)接，使企業(yè)成為學(xué)校學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)教學(xué)基地。

According to the report of relevant media， the Germany government takes protective methods in domestic employment market to reduce the pressure of domestic college graduates in obtaining employment. America has taken many incentive measures to encourage college graduates to go to specific areas or take specific professions. The most common measure is the elimination of student loans. In promotion of youth employment， the Japanese government has taken measures mainly including promoting the openness of recruiting information in the whole society to solve the problem of the information mismatch between employers and job seekers. In 2013， the Chinese government introduced six methods to promote the employment of college students including the implementation of existing policies， the widening of employment channels， the encouragement of entrepreneurship and the implementation of employment support. In order to widen the range of youth employment， the Chinese government encourages college graduates to work at the basic level and the areas of harsh conditions and various enterprises especially small and medium sized enterprises and private enterprises to employ college graduates and offer services like entrepreneurship training and guidance.

In addition， many countries pay attention to vocational education， set up majors favorable to youth employment and try their best to cultivate young people in line with market requirements. In recent years， the American government has strengthened the supervision of profitable vocational schools to make the students better matched with the requirements of society. Swedish vocational schools require that theory should be combined with practice， emphasize that students should “l(fā)earn through work” and try their best to provide employment opportunities for students. Russian vocational education has a fast development. In 2012， President Putin emphasized the establishment of new teaching centers of practical skills. In addition， the Russian government also offers teaching subsidy loans for financial support. If students participate in additional vocational training， the school can get financial aid.

同時(shí)，據(jù)有關(guān)媒體報(bào)道，德國政府在國內(nèi)就業(yè)市場上采取保護(hù)性措施，減輕本國高校畢業(yè)生在就業(yè)方面的壓力。美國為了鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生到特定的地區(qū)或從事特定的職業(yè)，采取了許多激勵(lì)措施，其中最為常見的做法就是免除學(xué)生的貸款。在促進(jìn)青年人就業(yè)方面，日本政府采取的主要做法是最大限度地促進(jìn)全社會(huì)的雇用信息公開化，以解決用人單位和求職者的信息不對(duì)稱問題。2013年，中國政府出臺(tái)六大舉措，促進(jìn)青年大學(xué)生就業(yè)，包括落實(shí)現(xiàn)有政策，拓寬就業(yè)渠道，鼓勵(lì)自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，開展就業(yè)幫扶等。為擴(kuò)大青年學(xué)生的就業(yè)范圍，中國政府鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生到基層和艱苦地區(qū)工作，鼓勵(lì)各類企事業(yè)單位特別是中小企業(yè)和民營企業(yè)聘用高校畢業(yè)生，并組織開展創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓(xùn)、開業(yè)指導(dǎo)等服務(wù)。

此外，不少國家注重從職業(yè)教育入手，開辟利于青年社會(huì)就業(yè)的專業(yè)，盡量為社會(huì)輸出符合市場需求的青年崗位能手。近年來，美國政府加強(qiáng)對(duì)以盈利為目的的職業(yè)院校的監(jiān)管，使其培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生更符合就業(yè)市場的需要。同時(shí)，鼓勵(lì)年輕人從事志愿工作，通過參加社區(qū)服務(wù)，幫助他們?nèi)谌肷鐣?huì)。瑞典的職業(yè)教育學(xué)校要求理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，強(qiáng)調(diào)“在工作中學(xué)習(xí)”，盡可能地為學(xué)生提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。俄羅斯職業(yè)教育發(fā)展迅速，2012年，俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京強(qiáng)調(diào)要在一些綜合性職業(yè)學(xué)院建立新的實(shí)用技能教學(xué)中心。另外，國家在財(cái)政扶持上，最主要的是教學(xué)補(bǔ)助款項(xiàng)，如果學(xué)生參加額外教育培訓(xùn)，學(xué)院還可得到資金補(bǔ)助。

Postscripts:

編后語：

Fan Zhongyan， an officer of the Northern Song dynasty in China， said: “Be the first to show concern and the last to enjoy oneself.” “Putting public interest before self-interest” should be the quality that civil servants have. The couplet on the door of Guang Zhou Huangpu Military Academy founded by Sun Yat-sen， democratic revolutionist in Modern China， said， “If you want promotion and fortune， don't take this path; If you cling to life and fear death， don't enter this door.”

Once an occupation planner analyzed that those who pursue rapid success and do not have good communication skills or clear goals were not qualified for civil servants. Civil servants should be people who are willing to provide convenience for people and create fortune for society. If a national civil servant imagines having endless wealth and high position， as a result， he will be indulged in luxuries and dissipation life.

中國北宋官員范仲淹說:“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”。“先公后私”才是公務(wù)員該有的擔(dān)當(dāng)。近代中國的民主革命家孫中山先生創(chuàng)辦的廣州黃埔軍校大門口的對(duì)聯(lián)說，“升官發(fā)財(cái)請(qǐng)走別路，貪生怕死莫入此門”。

曾有職業(yè)規(guī)劃師分析，追求事業(yè)上有快速回報(bào)者，不善于人際交往者，自身職業(yè)目標(biāo)不清的“湊熱鬧”者都不適合做公務(wù)員。公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍需要的是能夠?yàn)槿嗣裉峁┍憷瑸樯鐣?huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，能夠如“螺絲釘”一樣在某個(gè)位置發(fā)光發(fā)熱的人。欲取之必先予之。如果一個(gè)國家的公務(wù)員，一味貪圖享樂，幻想一朝進(jìn)城門，從此榮華富貴享樂不盡。長此以往，也將迷失在紙醉金迷中。

Youths are the future of a state and the hope of a nation. Throughout employment policies， all countries spare no effort to provide the optimum terms for the youth employment. Therefore， youths should make full use of their own personalities and abilities to choose jobs rationally and grasp the employment opportunities provided by the national governments to create wealth for society and realize their personal values.

青年是國家的未來，是民族的希望。縱觀各國促進(jìn)青年就業(yè)政策，各國政府都在竭盡全力為青年就業(yè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)造最有利的條件。因此，青年人應(yīng)該根據(jù)自身性格、能力，理性擇業(yè)，抓住各國政府提供的就業(yè)先機(jī)，努力為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人價(jià)值，國家才會(huì)更加安定和繁榮。