漢斯：做好水資源開發中的生態保護

漢斯：做好水資源開發中的生態保護

Make Efforts for Better Eco-protection in Water Resources Development

記者/吳冠宇 譯/朱 丹 編輯/李顏岐

我們必須有效整合水與能源的聯系，秉持環境友好和可持續發展的理念，履行大型企業的生態環境保護責任，在水資源的開發中做好生態保護。

《中國三峽》：在2014年3月22日世界水日到來之時，聯合國發布了一份《世界水發展報告2014：水與能源的聯系》，將目光集中在水與能源之間相互依賴的關系上。在這份報告中，它提到了我們必須更加清晰地理解資源間的復雜關系，并且更加有效地整合水與能源之間的聯系使其成為促進可持續發展的積極手段。

您如何看待水與能源之間的聯系，尤其是水與水力發電？能否就如何更加有效地整合水與能源之間的聯系使其成為促進可持續發展的積極手段給出您的建議或看法？

漢斯:聯合國《世界水發展報告2014》(WWDR 2014)指出，全球大約90%的電力生產為水資源密集型。當考慮水與能源之間的聯系時，我們會很自然地聯想到水電。但是，我們也要記住很重要的一點，就是水被直接利用于幾乎各種形式的電力生產之中。這種水與能源的直接聯系及其相關成本有時會在討論中被忽視，如燃煤發電。

值得注意的是，水力發電及其水庫的運營為水資源可持續利用做出了許多積極貢獻。其儲水可抗旱、支持洪水管理、改善航運條件，并提供休閑娛樂活動。然而，這些直接與水電相關的不同的水資源利用方式都需要謹慎管理。在一年中的不同時段，下泄水量會因用途不同而產生需求上的改變，并非總是均衡不變的。

不過，大型水電工程總是經常會陷入爭議，如其對環境和生物多樣性的影響、導致文化和歷史遺跡的遺失及其產生的社會沖擊。在這方面，通過在新式基礎設施建設和規范已有基礎設施中解決整體系統健康的可持續性大壩管理方法，已累積了一些能緩解這些負面影響的積極經驗。

《世界水發展報告2014》第二卷中三峽工程的案例研究，突出了在中國背景下的這些挑戰，及最高決策層為減緩這些雄心勃勃的發展項目對社會、環境的影響而作出的承諾。

在不確定性和風險條件下進行水管理，可以通過革新水的分配、利用和管理獲得至關重要的機會和利益。

《中國三峽》：您在慶祝世界水日到來的論壇上推薦了《不確定性和風險條件下的水管理》一文。這篇文章提到針對一些具有不確定性和風險的因素，可以通過革新水的分配、利用和管理獲得至關重要的機會和利益。

如何面對這些不確定性和風險因素？在革新水的分配、利用和管理方面您的看法是什么？

漢斯: 第四期的《世界水發展報告》對全球變化性質的多個方面進行了詳細討論——從政治和社會體系到科學技術、生活水平、消費結構、預期壽命等。隨著人口增長及越來越多地搬遷到擴張的城市區域，土地使用、覆蓋及氣候的變化是自然而然的。這些變化和它們日益增長的發生頻率及其長期影響，生成了我們必須與之共存的不確定因素和風險。然而，適應變化的過程也提供了機會：過去已發生的無法改變，但現在所做的決定將影響未來。

聯合國教科文組織駐華代表處自然科學項目官員Hans Dencker Thulstrup在放流現場發言。 攝影/王緒波

CTG：The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014 focuses on the water and energy. In this report, it mentioned we need to better understand the complex interactions between resources, and better integrate the link between water and energy as positive levers for sustainable development.

What’s your opinion about the interaction between water and energy, especially the interaction between water and hydro-power? What’s your opinion on better integrating the link between water and energy as positive levers for sustainable development?

Hans:The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014 (WWDR2014) notes that approximately 90% of global power generation is water intensive. When considering the linkages between water and energy, we naturally think of hydropower. However, it is important to remember that water is utilized in nearly all forms of energy generation. This direct linkage between water and energy – and the associated cost – is sometimes overlooked when discussing, for example, coal–powered energy generation.

It is important to note that hydropower operations and related reservoirs have a number of positive contributions towards sustainable use of water resources. They provide storage for drought alleviation, support flood management, improve navigation and enhance opportunities for recreation. However, these different uses of water all directly related to hydropower require careful management. At different times of the year, water releases are required for different – and not always aligned –purposes.

At the same time, large-scale hydroelectric are often criticized, for example for damage to the environment and biodiversity, loss of cultural and historical sites, and social disruption. In this regard, positive experiences in the mitigation of these impacts are being made through the adoption of sustainable dam management, which is based on designing new and regulating existing infrastructure to address overall system health.

The Three Gorges project case study included in the second volume of WWDR2014 highlights these challenges in the Chinese context and the commitments made at the highest level to reduce the social and environmental impact of this ambitious development project.

CTG：You introduced the newly completed Chinese translation of volume 1 of the 4th edition UN World Water Development Report on the theme of Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk at the forum of celebrating World Water Day. This book informs that some forces which create uncertainty and risk can be managed effectively and can even generate vital opportunities and benefits through innovative approaches to allocation, use and management of water.

How to meet with the uncertain and risky forces? What’s your opinion on innovating approaches to allocate, utilize and manage water?

Hans:In the 4th WWDR, the multifaceted nature of global change is discussed in detail –from political and social systems, to technology, living standards, consumption patterns and life expectancies. As human populations grow and increasingly move to expanding urban areas, consequently, land use and cover is changing, as is the climate. These changes, and the manner in which they occur at often increasing rates and their longterm impact, generate the uncertainties and risks that we must live with. However, adapting to change also presents an opportunity: what has happened in the past cannot be changed, but the future can be influenced by the decisions being made now.

減少不確定性最直接的方式之一，就是不斷增進和獲取對決定當前及未來水資源的量與質知識及理解。要減少不確定性，數據采集、分析能力和預估能力都是必備條件，從而改進分配、使用、調動和處理的決策。作為聯合國專門的科學機構，對聯合國教科文組織來說，這方面的工作是對解決不確定性和風險的基礎性工作。在管理響應方面，適應性管理的策略允許基于新見解的轉變和調適，幫助建立和支持靈活的、可容錯的機構設置與技術體系，并且提供過程透明的決策框架。

提高水在各方面的利用率（農業、工業及城市）將為可持續的社會經濟發展做出貢獻。資助多樣的蓄水工程，從修建小型雨水蓄水池到大規模水壩，從建立人工含水層補給系統到改善土壤條件以便容納更多的水，都是可以滿足日益增長的蓄水需求的方式。蓄水能確保干旱時期的糧食安全。正如現代消費者以多元化的金融控股方式降低風險一樣，小農可以使用一系列“水賬戶”（如水資源和現代農業技術）來為應對氣候變化影響提供緩沖。

2014年4月，三峽集團舉辦中華鱘春季放流活動，活動吸引公眾參與，讓大家都來關愛環境、保護中華鱘，培養大眾的環保意識。圖為一小學生正在運送中華鱘到江邊進行放流。攝影/王緒波

三峽工程為長江流域的可持續管理及發展做出了巨大貢獻，也對流域環境有著顯著影響，如何妥善處理這些問題對于三峽工程的總體可持續性來說將會是一個重大考驗。

《中國三峽》：中國長江三峽水利樞紐工程作為目前世界上規模最大的水利樞紐工程，從水資源綜合管理和可持續發展的角度您如何評價它？

漢斯: 三峽工程是一項在各個方面都很龐大的工程，從其抱負、成就、影響、象征意義等方面來說都是如此。三峽工程在防洪、航運、補水和發電等方面做出的貢獻是不容低估的。通過這些方面，三峽工程為長江流域的可持續管理及發展做出了巨大貢獻。然而，三峽工程對流域環境也有著顯著影響，有些影響在目前還無法完全預知。因此，在成功緩解了大范圍不確定因素和風險的同時，三峽工程自身也帶來了新的不確定性因素。

《世界水發展報告2014》的三峽工程案例研究指出了耕地與稀有植物的淹沒、長江流域某些支流部分自凈能力減弱、庫區以及長江中下游區域水生生態系統改變等問題是如何與工程相關聯的。三峽集團和中國政府已經相當了解這些問題，如何妥善處理這些問題對于三峽工程的總體可持續性來說將會是一個重大考驗。在三峽工程這樣的項目上起作用的利弊權衡，成為我們獲取關于可持續性水資源管理的新知識，以及做出降低不確定性和風險因素的選擇的寶貴資源。

長江流域現在面臨著因區域經濟迅速增長和隨之而來的城市及工業擴張所帶來的多重威脅。平衡經濟增長需求和自然文化遺產可持續管理之間的關系至關重要。

《中國三峽》：長江流域生態多樣性保護工作的重點和難點有哪些？

漢斯:長江流域是全世界最具生物多樣性的區域之一，這里被山川、森林、濕地和水道所環繞。同時也是人口密集的大區域以及一些標志性動物物種，比如大熊貓、中華鱘和長江江豚等動物的家鄉。該流域也是中華文化歷史中心，這里的一些景觀與動植物是中國所獨有的。

經過歷代人類密集地利用，長江流域現在面臨著因區域經濟迅速增長和隨之而來的城市及工業擴張所帶來的多重威脅。平衡經濟增長需求和自然文化遺產可持續管理之間的關系至關重要。如果長江流域生物多樣性缺失，中國的一部分特性也必將隨之消失。

One of the most direct ways of reducing uncertainty is to generate new knowledge or understanding of conditions governing water availability and quality in the present and in the future. Data collection, analytical capacity and predictive ability are all required to reduce uncertainty and therefore to facilitate decisionmaking about allocations, uses, mobilization and treatment. To UNESCO, as the UN specialized agency for science, this is an essential contribution towards addressing uncertainty and risk. In terms of management-based responses, adaptive management strategies allow changing course based on new insights, help establish and sustain institutional settings and technological systems that are flexible and error-tolerant, and offer a framework for transparent decision-making processes.

Improving water use efficiency in all sectors (agriculture, industry and municipal) would contribute to sustainable socio-economic development. Funding a diversity of water storage projects, from small-scale rainwater tanks to largerscale dams – and from artificial aquifer recharge systems to improving the soil so it can hold more water –are among the options to meet the ever increasing need for storage. Stored water in times of drought can lead to increased food security. Just as modern consumers diversify their financial holdings to reduce risk, smallholder farmers can use a wide array of ‘water accounts’ (i.e. water sources and modern agricultural techniques) to provide a buffer against climate change impacts.

CTG：China Yangtze Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the biggest hydropower-complex project in the world. How do you evaluate it from the standpoint of integrated water resources management and sustainable development?

Hans: The TGP is an enormous project in every aspect – in terms of its ambition, its achievements, its impact, its influence, and its symbolic significance. The contributions made by TGP in terms of flood mitigation, navigation, drought mitigation and electricity generation cannot be understated. Through these, TGP has made a vast contribution to the sustainable management and development of the Yangtze River Basin. At the same time, TGP has had a significant impact on the Basin’s environment, the effects of which are not yet fully known. Thus, while successfully mitigating a wide range of uncertainties and risks, TGP has at the same time engendered new uncertainties itself.

In the case study of TGP included in the WWDR2014, it is noted how problems associated with the project has included the inundation of arable lands and rare plants; weakened self-purification capacity in certain tributary sections of the river basin; and changed aquatic ecosystems in the reservoir area, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. These problems are well known to CTG and the Chinese Government– how they will be addressed will be a significant test of TGP’s overall sustainability. The tradeoffs at play in a project such as TGP make it an invaluable resource for new knowledge about sustainable water management, and the choices we make to mitigate uncertainty and risk.

CTG：What are the key points and threats of biodiversity conservation in the Yangtze River Basin?

Hans: The Yangtze River Basin is among the world’s most biodiverse areas, encompassing mountains, forests, wetlands and waterways. It is also a very large area with a vast human population– as well as the home of a number of iconic animal species, such as the giant panda, the Chinese sturgeon, the Yangtze finless porpoise, and many more. The Basin is central to Chinese culture and history - its landscape, plant and animal life represents something uniquely Chinese.

Subject to intensive human use over generations, the Yangtze Basin is now threatened on multiple fronts due to the region’s rapid economic growth and the associated urban and industrial expansion. Balancing the need for economic growth with the sustainable management of this natural and cultural heritage is crucial. If the biodiversity of the Yangtze River Basin is lost, a part of China’s identity will be lost with it.

圖為2014年中國三峽集團舉辦的中華鱘放流活動現場。 攝影/王緒波

三峽集團在確保環境可持續性方面有著重大的責任，這項責任可以通過環境友好型的企業定位和對科研、環保、教育和公眾認識等方面的積極支持來得以落實。

《中國三峽》：三峽集團在生物多樣性保護工作中建立了多個稀有物種保護區和研究機構，比如中華鱘研究所。您如何評價三峽集團在生物多樣性保護工作方面的努力？作為一個大型企業如何履行生態環境保護責任，您有哪些建議？

漢斯: 作為一家行業重要企業，三峽集團在確保環境可持續性方面有著重大的責任，這項責任可以通過兩種主要渠道來得以落實。首先，像三峽集團這樣的大型企業，確保所進行的活動將環境可持續性放于第一位是非常重要的。有時，最環境友好型的決策可能并不是最能立即獲益的，但從中長期來看是更有益的選擇。環境友好型的企業定位，有助于加強企業公眾形象，從而為企業帶來優勢。其次，可通過對科研、環保、教育和公眾認識等方面的積極支持來落實責任。正如在中華鱘放流儀式活動中所展示的，來自國內外環境部門的合作方都做好了合作準備。

《中國三峽》：在這次的中華鱘放流儀式活動現場，有許多學生和志愿者積極地參與到這項活動中來。在加強公眾環保意識方面，您有什么建議？

漢斯:提高公眾的環保意識非常重要，國有和私營企業、大型企業和個體消費者都必須將這項工作視為一己之責。作為主要的電力生產者和對環境有著深遠影響與益處的標志性人工建筑的擁有者，三峽集團擁有得天獨厚的優勢來呼吁公眾參與到環境保護中來，通過利用其自身的顯著地位讓人們關注消費的環境成本，并引導人們做出能緩解人類活動對環境造成負面影響的選擇。我們每個人的選擇能造成改變，如中華鱘放流儀式這樣的活動，對激勵年輕人積極主動地保護環境并致力于做出積極改變起到了至關重要的作用。

【受訪者簡介】

Hans Dencker Thulstrup，聯合國教科文組織駐華代表處自然科學項目官員。

CTG：As we know, CTG has established several rare species reserves and research institutions, for example the Chinese Sturgeon Research Institution. How do you evaluate its efforts? And what’s your suggestion about performing responsibility of ecological conservation as a large enterprise?

Hans: As a major corporation, CTG has a big responsibility in terms of ensuring environmental sustainability. This responsibility may be addressed through two main channels. Firstly, it is important for a corporation like CTG to ensure that the choices it makes in the way it conducts its activities prioritizes environmental sustainability. Sometimes, making the most environmentally friendly choice may not seem the most immediately profitable step– however, this may well be the case in the medium and long term. Orienting business practices in an environmentally friendly manner may also help strengthen a corporation’s public image, which in turn yields advantages. Secondly, the responsibility should be addressed through active support towards research, environmental protection, education and public awareness. As the Sturgeon Release Ceremony demonstrates, a wide range of partners from the environmental sector both domestically and internationally are ready to collaborate.

CTG：Many students and volunteers participate in the Chinese Sturgeon Release Ceremony every year. What’s your suggestion for raising public awareness of environmental protection?

Hans:Raising public awareness of environmental protection is crucial, and must be seen as the responsibility of all – the public as well as the private sector, large corporations and individual consumers alike. As a major power producer and the owner of an iconic man-mad structure with wide-reaching environmental impacts as well as benefits, CTG is uniquely placed to engage the public in environmental protection – making use of its highly visible position to draw attention to the environmental costs of consumption, and the choices we can make to mitigate the negative impacts of human activity on the environment. The choices we make as individuals make a difference – events such as the sturgeon release ceremony play a crucial role in inspiring young people to become active in protecting their environment, and in committing themselves to make a positive difference.