英語(yǔ)的there be構(gòu)式及其隱喻系統(tǒng)
——基于SFG及物性新模式的專題研究

柴同文

(中國(guó)石油大學(xué),北京,102249)

1. 引言

韓禮德(Halliday 1985,1994;Halliday & Matthiessen 2004)的及物性系統(tǒng)(Transitivity)把人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)識(shí)解成六個(gè)過(guò)程類型:物質(zhì)(Material)、心理(Mental)、關(guān)系(Relational)、言語(yǔ)(Verbal)、行為(Behavioural)和存在(Existential)①。每個(gè)過(guò)程都有自己的語(yǔ)義配置方式。例如,

(1) The lion [動(dòng)作者]caught[過(guò)程:物質(zhì)] the tourist [目標(biāo)].

(2) Mary [感知者]liked[過(guò)程:心理] the gift [現(xiàn)象].

從語(yǔ)法(即識(shí)解)的角度來(lái)看,韓禮德的分類堪稱經(jīng)典,因?yàn)樗鸭姺睆?fù)雜的人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)高度抽象并概括為有限的幾個(gè)過(guò)程類型,從而使我們通過(guò)意義(這里指詞匯-語(yǔ)法)識(shí)解經(jīng)驗(yàn)變得簡(jiǎn)單可行(試比較:Quirketal. 1985;Lock 1996;Taylor 2002;Dirven & Verspoor 2004)。例如,要表達(dá)“第五天他們到達(dá)了山頂”這一意義,說(shuō)話人或作者既可以選擇物質(zhì)過(guò)程,如(3a),也可以選擇心理過(guò)程,如(3b),完全取決于說(shuō)話人的交際意圖和語(yǔ)境。

(3) a. On the fifth day they arrived at the summit.

b. The fifth day saw them at the summit. (Halliday 1994: 344)

但是,從語(yǔ)義(即編碼)的角度來(lái)看,韓禮德對(duì)過(guò)程的分類還值得商榷。因?yàn)?在我們(彭宣維2003,2010;柴同文2010a)看來(lái),物質(zhì)過(guò)程和心理過(guò)程均可以還原為物質(zhì)(外部)和心理(內(nèi)部)兩種經(jīng)驗(yàn)域。相反,其他過(guò)程則無(wú)法向上一層經(jīng)驗(yàn)域還原,或者還原得不夠徹底。例如,一部分關(guān)系過(guò)程可以還原為物質(zhì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)域,而另一部分可以還原為心理經(jīng)驗(yàn)域(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:120-212)。試比較:

(4) a. My name is Alice.

b. She is in the dining room.

c. Emily has a piano

(5) a. She is happy.

b. It seems encouraging.

c. His behavior is amusing (to her)

2. SFG及物性系統(tǒng)新模式

對(duì)于過(guò)程與經(jīng)驗(yàn)域之間的矛盾,彭宣維(2010:131)提出了自己的看法。他認(rèn)為,上述問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)主要是因?yàn)榻?jīng)典及物性理論②“沒(méi)能把編碼前不成形的經(jīng)驗(yàn)域和編碼本身的識(shí)解和表征區(qū)別開來(lái)”。換句話說(shuō),通常意義上的經(jīng)驗(yàn)還處于一種抽象的“前語(yǔ)法化”階段(Palmer 1964:130;另見Halliday 1966/1976:98),還是一種零散混沌的東西,因而并無(wú)形式可言;只有通過(guò)某些表征手段,才能使之成為可識(shí)別的經(jīng)驗(yàn)知識(shí),從而表現(xiàn)為各種范疇,進(jìn)而成為具有交際功能的命題或提議。因此,彭宣維(2005,2010)認(rèn)為所謂的“關(guān)系”不應(yīng)該是一個(gè)過(guò)程,而是一種構(gòu)式化了的表征手段(structural representation),即構(gòu)式(construction)。只有這樣,我們才能說(shuō)“關(guān)系”過(guò)程是對(duì)“所有經(jīng)驗(yàn)域”的識(shí)解(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:214)。依據(jù)這一思路,彭宣維(2005,2010)提出了及物性研究的新思路。

首先,他沿用了韓禮德的物質(zhì)、心理經(jīng)驗(yàn)二分法③,但把物質(zhì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步分成了物理(physical)、生理(physiological)和社會(huì)(societal)三個(gè)次類。物理經(jīng)驗(yàn)指的是人類對(duì)客觀世界里非生命體(non-animate)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表征,如the sun rises in the east and sets in the west。與物理經(jīng)驗(yàn)不同,生理經(jīng)驗(yàn)和社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)所關(guān)涉的是有生命體(animate)的行為、活動(dòng)或狀態(tài)。前者側(cè)重于個(gè)體活動(dòng),如thebirdflewaway,后者具有一定的社會(huì)性和交互性(interactive),例如,my parents always praised me when I did well at school。

其次,他從眾多的語(yǔ)言實(shí)例中識(shí)別出兩種典型的表征方式:關(guān)系(relational)和作為(operational)。“關(guān)系”表征方式仍然遵從韓禮德模式:包孕型(intensive)、屬有型(possessive)和環(huán)境型(circumstantial)(Halliday 1985,1994;Halliday & Matthiessen 2004)。“作為”表征方式借用了Vendler(1957)的分類模式:活動(dòng)、完結(jié)、達(dá)成和狀態(tài)(見主持人語(yǔ))④。這樣,以“物質(zhì)”和“心理”兩種經(jīng)驗(yàn)域?yàn)榭v坐標(biāo),以“作為”和“關(guān)系”為橫坐標(biāo),就可以生成四個(gè)新的過(guò)程類型:物質(zhì)-作為、物質(zhì)-關(guān)系、心理-作為和心理-關(guān)系。

3. 對(duì)存在過(guò)程的重新審視

在經(jīng)典及物性理論中,韓禮德將存在過(guò)程看作是一種次要類型,“位于物質(zhì)過(guò)程和關(guān)系過(guò)程的交界處”,表征的是“事物的存在或發(fā)生”(Halliday 1994:107),屬于物質(zhì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的范疇。請(qǐng)看下例:

(6) a. There is a dog in the garden.

b. There is a man at the door.

同關(guān)系過(guò)程一樣,存在過(guò)程也可以用來(lái)識(shí)解心理經(jīng)驗(yàn)域(柴同文2008,2009,2010a,b)。例如:

(7) a. There was littleunderstandingof acoustics.

b. There is nodoubtabout the answer.

c. There stirred in his mind an oddfeelingofannoyancewith Roderick for having thus peremptorily enlisted his sympathies.⑤

基于此,我們認(rèn)為存在過(guò)程應(yīng)該與there be構(gòu)式區(qū)分開來(lái):前者是個(gè)語(yǔ)義范疇,后者是個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇。兩者之間的關(guān)系如下圖所示:

圖1therebe構(gòu)式的語(yǔ)義-語(yǔ)法特征

那么,為什么要做此區(qū)分呢？在回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前,我們有必要先來(lái)回顧一下韓禮德的“擴(kuò)展模式”(extended model,該術(shù)語(yǔ)是韓禮德與彭宣維私下交流時(shí)使用的)。該模式(Halliday 1995/2002:254-255)主張將“語(yǔ)言實(shí)例”(instance)從“語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)”(system)中分離出來(lái)。具體說(shuō)來(lái),他用語(yǔ)義(semantics)、語(yǔ)法(lexicogrammar)、音系(phonology)來(lái)指稱語(yǔ)言的系統(tǒng),而用意義(meaning)、措辭(wording)和語(yǔ)音(sounding)來(lái)指稱語(yǔ)言的實(shí)例(另見Eggins 1994/2004:19)。這就形成了“實(shí)體化/層次化矩陣”(instantiation/stratification matrix)(Halliday 1995/2002:254)⑥。基于這一模式,彭宣維(2003)主張將經(jīng)典理論中的詞匯-語(yǔ)法層一分為二:語(yǔ)義范疇?wèi)?yīng)該是語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)義層,而語(yǔ)法范疇則屬于語(yǔ)法層。例如,在小句的概念元功能層面,可以將實(shí)例性的及物性意義和實(shí)例性的主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法范疇區(qū)別開來(lái)。換句話說(shuō),在小句層面上,及物性是它的語(yǔ)義范疇,而相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法形式范疇是“主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式”(subject construction):由主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)兩部分構(gòu)成(subject+predicate)⑦。請(qǐng)看下面的例子:

(8) a. He broke the window. [物質(zhì)]

b. She likes the gift. [心理]

c. The cat is on the mat. [關(guān)系]

d. She laughed heartedly. [行為]

e. I said that you should keep quiet. [言語(yǔ)]

在這里,盡管各小句的過(guò)程類型不同,經(jīng)驗(yàn)域也不同,但它們共享一個(gè)高度抽象的句法形式:“主語(yǔ)+定式操作語(yǔ)+述語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)”,即主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式(彭宣維2006)。

那么,存在過(guò)程的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式如何呢？且看下例:

(9) a. There is a fly in the soup.

b. Is there a fly in the soup?

c. There is a fly in the soup, isn’t there?

按照韓禮德的分析,例(9)中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是there,因?yàn)樗筒僮髟~is一起構(gòu)成了該小句的語(yǔ)氣:主語(yǔ)在前,操作詞在后,小句選擇直陳語(yǔ)氣;操作詞在前,主語(yǔ)在后,小句選擇疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣。但這里有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,第一,本例中的there并不承擔(dān)任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)意義(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:257);第二,做主語(yǔ)的通常是一個(gè)名詞(詞組)或者代詞。顯然,there不符合主語(yǔ)的條件。這樣一來(lái),勢(shì)必要求小句的其他成分來(lái)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。那么,誰(shuí)能成為小句的主語(yǔ)呢？通常情況下,我們可以通過(guò)兩條規(guī)則來(lái)判斷小句的主語(yǔ):(1)作主語(yǔ)的名詞詞組與操作詞之間有“數(shù)”的一致關(guān)系;(2)主語(yǔ)在附加疑問(wèn)句中以代詞的形式出現(xiàn)。試比較:

(10) a. There are five boys in the class.

b. There are five boys in the class, aren’t there?

依據(jù)第一條規(guī)則,five boys應(yīng)該是主語(yǔ);依據(jù)第二條規(guī)則,there應(yīng)該是主語(yǔ)。綜合考察上述兩條規(guī)則,我們(彭宣維2003;柴同文2010a)認(rèn)為there be構(gòu)式中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是位于動(dòng)詞之后的那個(gè)名詞詞組,而非there,后者只是一個(gè)語(yǔ)氣“互動(dòng)成分”(彭宣維2003),它所承載的只有人際意義和語(yǔ)篇意義,沒(méi)有概念意義。另外,教學(xué)語(yǔ)法的有關(guān)知識(shí)也告訴我們,there be構(gòu)式一直被看做是英語(yǔ)的基本句型之一(Bolinger 1981;Quirketal. 1985;Biberetal. 2000;Huddleston & Pullum 2002)。

據(jù)此,經(jīng)典功能語(yǔ)法理論中所說(shuō)的“及物性”其實(shí)是一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)詞匯-語(yǔ)法手段識(shí)解或構(gòu)式化了的經(jīng)驗(yàn)意義范疇,而“主語(yǔ)”及其相應(yīng)的構(gòu)式關(guān)系,即“主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式”應(yīng)該是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的措辭(wording)范疇,二者之間的關(guān)系是“及物性→主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式”(彭宣維2003)。依此,經(jīng)典及物性系統(tǒng)中的存在過(guò)程也是個(gè)意義范疇,而對(duì)應(yīng)的there be構(gòu)式則是一種構(gòu)式化了語(yǔ)法表征手段,是一種特殊的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式⑧。

4. there be構(gòu)式的隱喻系統(tǒng)

至此,我們解決了經(jīng)典及物性理論中經(jīng)驗(yàn)域與過(guò)程之間的矛盾關(guān)系,也從理論上界定了there be構(gòu)式的本質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。下文將在SFG及物性新模式框架下,詳細(xì)探討這一構(gòu)式的語(yǔ)義特征,尤其是它的隱喻表征系統(tǒng)。

語(yǔ)料分析表明,典型的there be構(gòu)式是表征“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,具體說(shuō)來(lái),應(yīng)該是“物理-環(huán)境”過(guò)程(即xis ata)。但它可以隱喻識(shí)解“物質(zhì)-作為”過(guò)程、“心理-作為”過(guò)程、“心理-關(guān)系”過(guò)程、以及“生理”和“社會(huì)”類“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”過(guò)程。換言之,“物質(zhì)-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)、“心理-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)、“心理-關(guān)系”以及部分“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)均可以通過(guò)there be構(gòu)式而得以重新識(shí)解(reconstrue),產(chǎn)生多種隱喻。如圖2所示。

圖2therebe構(gòu)式的隱喻系統(tǒng)

4.1 there be構(gòu)式識(shí)解“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)

總的說(shuō)來(lái),該類隱喻是表達(dá)“物理-環(huán)境”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的there be構(gòu)式(即xis ata)作為源范疇使用,被“映射”(mapping,見Lakoff & Johnson 1980/2003)或/和“整合”(blending,參見Fauconnier & Turner 2002)到“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”目標(biāo)域上而產(chǎn)生的。根據(jù)表征方式,我們把它們分成了三類:包孕型,屬有類和環(huán)境類。每個(gè)類型都有自己的次類范疇。分別舉例說(shuō)明如下。

先來(lái)看包孕型,主要有三種次類。

ⅰ. “物理-包孕”類

(11) a. There are three rooms available: one double, one single and a family room.

b. Three rooms are available: one double, one single and a family room.⑨

ⅱ. “生理-包孕”類

(12) a. [...] about his body there was a peculiar springiness, or resiliency, almost catlike.

b. It was springy, or resilient; it is almost like a cat.

ⅲ. “社會(huì)-包孕”類

(13) a. There is present in this hall today a number of people who are concerned with the future of Skelton.

b. A number of people are present in the hall today.

再來(lái)看“屬有”類“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”過(guò)程的隱喻識(shí)解,也有三種類型。

ⅳ. “物理-屬有”類

(14) a. For Fraser, there were model aeroplanes.

b. Fraser had model aeroplanes.

ⅴ. “生理-屬有”類

(15) a. For most birds, there is a distinct to build nests.

b. Most birds have a distinct to build nests.

ⅵ. “社會(huì)-屬有”類

(16) a. But there were so many choices in front of you.

b. Now, you have so many choices.

最后是“環(huán)境”類。共有兩種情況。

ⅶ. “生理-環(huán)境”類

(17) a. There were two other dogs on the ship.

b. Two other dogs were on the ship.

ⅷ. “社會(huì)-環(huán)境”類

(18) a. There were three ladies in the room and one gentleman.

b. Three ladies and one gentleman were in the room.

4.2 there be構(gòu)式識(shí)解“物質(zhì)-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)

同樣,當(dāng)表征“物理-環(huán)境”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的there be一致式被作為源范疇使用,被映射或/和整合到“物質(zhì)-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)繕?biāo)域時(shí),也會(huì)產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)法隱喻。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)類型,我們將它們分成了三類:物理類、生理類和社會(huì)類。分別舉例說(shuō)明如下。

先來(lái)看“物理-作為”類,主要有四種情況:

ⅰ. “物理-活動(dòng)”類

(19) a. There was a strong wind blowing that day too, out of a dark, cloudy sky.

b. A strong wind was blowing that day too.

ⅱ. “物理-完結(jié)”類

(20) a. There was a change of climate here.

b. The climate has changed here.

ⅲ. “物理-達(dá)成”類(physical-achievement)

(21) a. Suddenly, there was an explosion.

b. Suddenly, something exploded.

ⅳ. “物理-狀態(tài)”類

(22) a. And in the latter of the garden there grows a very fine example of a Judas tree.

b. A very fine example Judas tree grows in the latter part of the garden.

再來(lái)看“生理-作為”類,主要有四種次類型:

ⅴ. “生理-活動(dòng)”類

(23) a. There came a roar and a rumbling from behind us.

b. Some was roaring and rumbling from behind us.

ⅵ. “生理-完結(jié)”類

(24) a. There must have been an increase in the number of different kinds of animals and plants since the Precambrian.

b. The number of different kinds of animals and plants are increasing since the Precambrian.

ⅶ. “生理-達(dá)成”類

(25) a. There has been a death in his family.

b. Someone in his family has died.

ⅷ. “生理-狀態(tài)”類

(26) a. There lives a grass snake in a small pond.

b. A grass snake lives in a small pond.

最后是“社會(huì)-作為”類,也有四種情況:

ⅸ. “社會(huì)-活動(dòng)”類

(27) a. And there was such a scuffling, and hugging, and kissing and crying, with the hysterical YOOPS of Miss Swarts.

b. People were scuffling, hugging, and kissing and crying with the hysterical YOOPS of Miss Swarts.

ⅹ. “社會(huì)-完結(jié)”類

(28) a. There has been unprecedented industrial expansion.

b. The industry has been expanded unprecedentedly.

ⅹⅰ. “社會(huì)-達(dá)成”類

(29) a. There has been a promise that prosperity will be permanent.

b. The government promised that the prosperity will be permanent.

ⅹⅱ. “社會(huì)-狀態(tài)”類

(30) a. At the end of the Boulevard there sits the enormous Catherine Palace, baroque and three times the size of the Alexander Palace.

b. The enormous Catherine Palace sits at the end of the Boulevard.

4.3 there be構(gòu)式識(shí)解“心理-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)

此類隱喻是將表征“物理-環(huán)境”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的there be一致式(xis ata)當(dāng)作源范疇使用,映射或/和整合到“心理-作為”經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)繕?biāo)域時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。從經(jīng)驗(yàn)類型上來(lái)看,也有三種類型,每一類都有自己的次類范疇。先來(lái)看“情感-作為”類經(jīng)驗(yàn)的隱喻識(shí)解,共有四種情況:

ⅰ. “情感-活動(dòng)”類

(31) a. There was a cheer as Abuelo Freitas and Constance Richards stood up together.

b. The audience were cheering as Abuelo Freitas and Constance Richards stood up together.

ⅱ. “情感-完結(jié)”類

(32) a. While all this was hugely satisfactory, there was a longing for a winner from closer to home.

b. People were longing for a winner from closer to home.

ⅲ. “情感-達(dá)成”類

(33) a. There was a satisfaction about it.

b. I was satisfied with it.

ⅳ. “情感-狀態(tài)”類

(34) a. There is a fear that some of young people don’t want peace, at any price.

b. People usually fear that some of young people don’t want peace, at any price.

再來(lái)看“認(rèn)知-作為”類經(jīng)驗(yàn)的隱喻表征,共有四種情況:

ⅴ. “認(rèn)知-活動(dòng)”類

(35) a. However, there is still a lingering doubt about the justification for such a rise.

b. The experts are still doubting about the justification for such a rise.

ⅵ. “認(rèn)知-完結(jié)”類

(36) a. There is always a recall of the gory accident in his life.

b. He always recalls that gory accident in his life.

ⅶ. “認(rèn)知-達(dá)成”類

(37) a. Increasingly, then, there is a recognition that the products of education and business are the twin pillars...

b. People recognize that the products of education and business are the twin pillars...

ⅷ. “認(rèn)知-狀態(tài)”類

(38) a. There is a widespread belief that when we are born we are like a blank sheet of paper on which life began to write.

b. Most people believe that when we are born we are like a blank sheet of paper on which life began to write.

最后是“感知-作為”類經(jīng)驗(yàn)的隱喻識(shí)解,共有兩種情況:

ⅸ. “感知-完結(jié)”類

(39) a. There was watching enough, now.

b. They have watched it enough.

ⅹ. “感知-達(dá)成”類(perceptive-achievement)

(40) a. There was now appearing a sort of fourth estate of little red-and-white rough-cast villas.

b. Now, we saw a sort of fourth estate of little red-and-white rough-cast villas.

4.4 there be構(gòu)式識(shí)解“心理-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)

最后,there be構(gòu)式還可以隱喻識(shí)解“心理-關(guān)系”過(guò)程及其次類。這是表征“物理-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的there be一致式xis ata被映射或/和整合到“心理-關(guān)系”目標(biāo)域的結(jié)果。主要有以下三種類型:

ⅰ.“情感-包孕”類

(41) a. ... there are disappointments and frustration, but I find it fun!

b. Sometimes I felt disappointed and frustrated, but I find it fun!

ⅱ. “認(rèn)知-包孕”類

(42) a. There’s a confidence in the people that heretofore wasn’t there.

b. People are confident that heretofore wasn’t there.

ⅲ. “感知-包孕”類

(43) a. There were houses in sight on the right.

b. On the right, many houses are in sight.

以上我們探討了there be構(gòu)式的隱喻系統(tǒng),共涉及到了四個(gè)類型的33種隱喻類型,如圖3所示:

圖3therebe構(gòu)式的隱喻系統(tǒng)

至此,我們得到了一個(gè)較為精密的關(guān)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)意義與其相應(yīng)形式范疇(即there be構(gòu)式)之間的對(duì)應(yīng)模式。還里有幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明。

首先,所有隱喻類型均屬于韓禮德的語(yǔ)法隱喻范疇,因?yàn)殡[喻的目的都是通過(guò)擴(kuò)展語(yǔ)義來(lái)識(shí)解人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái),there be構(gòu)式涉及的所有隱喻都是在實(shí)例化,即從系統(tǒng)成分到實(shí)例性構(gòu)式的生成過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的。從根本上來(lái)說(shuō),那些已經(jīng)進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的隱喻也是從實(shí)例化過(guò)程中編碼過(guò)來(lái)的。

其次,所有隱喻都涉及到一個(gè)語(yǔ)義域重構(gòu)為另一個(gè)語(yǔ)義域的問(wèn)題。從認(rèn)知的角度來(lái)看,所有隱喻都是“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”,具體說(shuō)是“物理-環(huán)境”始源域(主要是包孕和屬有型)向“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”、“物質(zhì)-作為”、“心理-作為”和“心理-關(guān)系”目標(biāo)域及其次類范疇映射或/和整合的結(jié)果。

最后,所有隱喻都是以構(gòu)式的形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。事實(shí)上,所謂there be構(gòu)式中的隱喻,就是表達(dá)“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的there be一致式(xis ata)被隱喻性地當(dāng)作“物質(zhì)-關(guān)系”構(gòu)式(xisa,xhasa),“物質(zhì)-作為”構(gòu)式(xdoesa),“心理-作為”構(gòu)式(xsensesa)以及“心理-關(guān)系”構(gòu)式(xisb,xhasb)來(lái)使用,進(jìn)而識(shí)解人類各種經(jīng)驗(yàn)的。

5. 結(jié)語(yǔ)

本研究回顧和梳理了韓禮德的經(jīng)典及物性系統(tǒng),指出了過(guò)程類型與經(jīng)驗(yàn)域之間的矛盾,重新界定了關(guān)系過(guò)程,將它看作是一種構(gòu)式性的表征手段。進(jìn)而詳細(xì)介紹了系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法及物性研究的新模式,在此基礎(chǔ)上探討了英語(yǔ)存在過(guò)程的語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法特征,認(rèn)為存在過(guò)程是個(gè)語(yǔ)義范疇,而對(duì)應(yīng)的there be構(gòu)式則是它的詞匯-語(yǔ)法體現(xiàn)形式,是一種語(yǔ)法化了的構(gòu)式表征形式,一種特殊的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式。基于這一論斷,本文采用功能-認(rèn)知研究方法,對(duì)這一語(yǔ)法構(gòu)式所涉及的33種隱喻進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描寫和解釋。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),there be構(gòu)式所引發(fā)的隱喻是從語(yǔ)義系統(tǒng)到語(yǔ)法構(gòu)式的實(shí)例化過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的,是物質(zhì)-關(guān)系域?qū)ξ镔|(zhì)-作為、心理-作為以及心理-關(guān)系域的重構(gòu),屬于語(yǔ)法隱喻范疇,但具有認(rèn)知屬性,以構(gòu)式為基礎(chǔ)。

本文整合認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)中的構(gòu)式語(yǔ)法理論和系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)的相關(guān)思想來(lái)解釋及物性系統(tǒng),主要是因?yàn)槎叨际腔谑褂玫恼Z(yǔ)法模式,都從整體上分析語(yǔ)言構(gòu)式,都強(qiáng)調(diào)形式與意義的一體性。這一做法的主要目的是從不同的角度來(lái)審視和考察及物性系統(tǒng),為隱喻研究提供新思路。但要實(shí)現(xiàn)功能與認(rèn)知研究的真正結(jié)合,無(wú)疑還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走。

附注

① 除了這里提到的六個(gè)過(guò)程以外,在“存在”過(guò)程與“物質(zhì)”過(guò)程的交界處,還有一個(gè)和天氣有關(guān)的特殊過(guò)程范疇:氣象過(guò)程(Meteorological)。例如,it’sraining、thewindisblowing、there’sgoingtobeastorm等。

② 本文把韓禮德早期的理論模式(Halliday 1967-1968,1985,1994)稱之為“經(jīng)典理論”,以此與他的“語(yǔ)言擴(kuò)展模式”(extended model,Halliday 1995/2002)相區(qū)別。

③ 新模式沿用韓禮德(Halliday 1985,1994)對(duì)心理經(jīng)驗(yàn)的分類:感知(perceptive)、認(rèn)知(cognitive)和情感(affective)。其中,情感范疇借用了馬丁(Martin & White 2005)的分類模式,即情感(emotive)和意愿(desiderative)。

④ 根據(jù)“體”(aspect)特征,即事件內(nèi)部的時(shí)間特征,Vendler(1957)將動(dòng)詞分成了四類:“活動(dòng)”動(dòng)詞、“完結(jié)”動(dòng)詞、“達(dá)成”動(dòng)詞和“狀態(tài)”動(dòng)詞。其中,“活動(dòng)”動(dòng)詞表達(dá)的是“沒(méi)有自然終結(jié)點(diǎn)的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作”,如walk、swim等;“完結(jié)”動(dòng)詞用以指稱“有自然終結(jié)點(diǎn)的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作”,如build a house、eat an apple等;“達(dá)成”動(dòng)詞指稱的是“有自然終結(jié)點(diǎn)的瞬間動(dòng)作”,如die、reach等;“狀態(tài)”動(dòng)詞則用來(lái)指稱“具有持續(xù)性的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)“,如be tall、have a book等。將Vendler(1957)的動(dòng)詞模式整合到系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)的及物性系統(tǒng)以后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),動(dòng)作類型(如doing、sensing、saying、being、having等)在時(shí)間維度上得到了具體化,這使得原本抽象的及物性系統(tǒng)變得更加精密了。例如,對(duì)于物質(zhì)過(guò)程,我們可以把它分成四種類型來(lái)描述:(1)活動(dòng)類,如acatwaswalkingalongthetopofthefence;(2)完結(jié)類,如shehadmadeachocolatecake;(3)達(dá)成類,如theyfinallyreachedthecoastafterfiveweekssailing;(4)狀態(tài)類,如hesmokeseveryday。

⑤ 本文部分例句來(lái)自作者(柴同文2010a)的博士論文“系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法及物性新模式視角下的英語(yǔ)存在句構(gòu)式的隱喻系統(tǒng)研究”。

⑥ 該矩陣包括三個(gè)單元:(1)系統(tǒng),包括文化、語(yǔ)義和詞匯-語(yǔ)法系統(tǒng)三個(gè)層次;(2)子系統(tǒng)/實(shí)例類別,包括制度/情景類別、語(yǔ)域/語(yǔ)篇類別三個(gè)層次;(3)實(shí)例,包括情景、“[語(yǔ)篇作為]意義”以及“[語(yǔ)篇作為]措辭”三個(gè)層次。從“系統(tǒng)”到“子系統(tǒng)/實(shí)例類別”再到“實(shí)例”就是“實(shí)例化”,從“語(yǔ)境”層到“語(yǔ)義”層再到“詞匯-語(yǔ)法”層,就是“層次化”。

⑦ 在經(jīng)典理論中,主語(yǔ)被看做是一個(gè)“人際”概念,因?yàn)樗c限定詞一起構(gòu)成了小句的語(yǔ)氣構(gòu)式。但彭宣維(2002,2003,2006,2011)和彭宣維等(2007)認(rèn)為韓禮德從命題和提議出發(fā),將主語(yǔ)分析為一個(gè)人際性語(yǔ)法次范疇的做法是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｔ蛟谟诿}和提議是一個(gè)同時(shí)具有概念性和人際性的復(fù)合概念,韓禮德只看到了人際性的一面,而忽略了其概念性一面,因而是經(jīng)不起推敲的。

⑧ 其他類型的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)式還有“it-cleft”和“wh-cleft”分裂句等。相關(guān)分析,請(qǐng)見彭宣維(2003)。

⑨ 在隱喻實(shí)例分析中,我們提供了兩個(gè)小句,其中a句是隱喻性的there be小句,b句則是根據(jù)其意義特征還原而成的一致表達(dá)式。

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