張文穎 吳洪玉 郭妍 龔艷芳 高軍 金震東 李兆申
·論著·
裸鼠胰腺癌種植瘤乙醇瘤內注射的療效觀察
張文穎 吳洪玉 郭妍 龔艷芳 高軍 金震東 李兆申
目的評價不同濃度乙醇瘤內注射對裸鼠胰腺癌種植瘤的療效,為臨床選擇合適的乙醇濃度治療胰腺癌提供實驗依據。方法將人胰腺癌SW1990細胞接種于裸鼠皮下建立胰腺癌種植瘤模型。選取腫瘤大小相近的裸鼠48只,按隨機表法隨機分為20%、40%、60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組及注射生理鹽水的對照組。治療前后用游標卡尺測量腫瘤最長徑(a)和最短徑(b),計算腫瘤體積(TV)、相對腫瘤體積(RTV)和相對腫瘤體積增殖率(T/C)。治療后第8天處死裸鼠,取腫瘤組織行病理組織學檢查。結果20%乙醇注射組與對照組的RTV差異無統計學意義(P=0.212),40%、60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組的RTV均較對照組顯著縮小(P值均<0.01),其中60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組的RTV<1,T/C<30%,且隨著乙醇濃度的增加RTV及T/C值越小。80%和95%乙醇注射組的RTV值顯著低于60%乙醇注射組(P值分別為0.003、0.009),而80%和95%乙醇注射組的RTV差異無統計學意義(P=0.819)。病理組織學檢查顯示對照組無腫瘤壞死,20%、40%乙醇注射組種植瘤內可見少量壞死, 60%、80%和95%乙醇注射組的種植瘤體內出現大面積凝固性壞死。結論選擇80%乙醇瘤內注射治療裸鼠皮下胰腺癌種植瘤是安全、有效的。
胰腺腫瘤; 乙醇; 超聲檢查,內鏡; 注射,病灶內
胰腺癌是一種病情兇險、治愈率低、預后極差的消化道腫瘤。盡管吉西他濱已成為治療晚期胰腺癌患者的一線化療藥物,一定程度上延長了患者的生存期,但其1年生存率僅為20%左右[1]。內鏡超聲(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)作為一種成熟的內鏡技術已廣泛應用于胰腺疾病的診斷。隨著凸面線陣型超聲內鏡的出現,EUS引導下的介入治療也已逐步開展,包括放射性粒子植入、腹腔神經叢(節)阻滯及基因重組人溶瘤腺病毒植入等。超聲引導下無水乙醇注射在肝、腎囊腫及原發性肝癌等治療方面已取得較好的療效。Matthes等[2]在EUS引導下對豬正常胰腺進行不同濃度的乙醇注射(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%),發現20%乙醇注射不能導致胰腺組織壞死,而40%及以上濃度可使胰腺組織發生壞死,并且壞死面積與乙醇濃度呈正相關。為此,本研究應用不同濃度乙醇注射于裸鼠胰腺癌種植瘤內,觀察其療效,為臨床應用EUS引導下乙醇注射治療胰腺癌提供實驗依據。
一、裸鼠皮下種植性腫瘤模型建立及分組
BalB/c-nu裸小鼠4~6周齡,體重約18~20 g,購自中科院斯萊克動物中心,均獲國家動物品系合格證。人胰腺癌細胞株SW1990 購自中科院上海細胞庫,常規培養、傳代。待細胞生長至70%~80%融合時,胰蛋白酶消化,制成細胞懸液。調整細胞密度至1×107個/ ml,取0.2 ml接種于裸鼠胸肋部皮下。以腫瘤體積長至100~300 mm3為成瘤標準,接種成功率為100%。給藥前各組裸鼠飲食、行為均表現正常。
選取腫瘤大小相近的荷瘤裸鼠48只,按隨機表法將其隨機分為20%、40%、60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組及注射生理鹽水的對照組,每組8只,采用單點注射。乙醇注射劑量參考肝臟腫瘤乙醇消融的回歸方程[3],根據預實驗結果進行修正,Y=2.885X/8=0.36X[Y為每次注射劑量(ml),X為腫瘤最大直徑(cm)]。
二、方法
1.療效判斷:治療前和治療后第2、4、6、8天分別用游標卡尺測量腫瘤最長徑(a)和最短徑(b),同時稱裸鼠的體重,計算腫瘤體積(tumor volume,TV)、相對腫瘤體積(relative tumor volume,RTV)及相對腫瘤增殖率T/C。TV =ab2/2,RTV=Vt/V0(V0為治療前測量的腫瘤體積,Vt為t時間測量的腫瘤體積),T/C=RTV治療組/RTV對照組×100%[4]。
2.種植瘤病理組織學檢查:治療后第8天將裸鼠全部處死,取腫瘤組織,常規染色,光鏡下觀察病理改變。
三、統計學處理
一、裸鼠存活情況
注射治療后,60%、80%乙醇注射組裸鼠各死亡1只,95%乙醇注射組死亡2只,其余各組裸鼠均可耐受治療。
二、療效
60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組裸鼠皮下種植瘤組織在治療后24 h即出現部分壞死。其中60%乙醇注射組在治療后第4天有1只裸鼠的種植瘤組織完全壞死,80%乙醇注射組在治療后第4天有4只裸鼠的種植瘤組織完全壞死,95%乙醇注射組在治療后第4天有2只裸鼠的種植瘤組織完全壞死,第6天有1只裸鼠的種植瘤組織完全壞死(圖1)。
20%乙醇注射組與對照組的RTV差異無統計學意義(P=0.212), 40%、60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組的RTV均較對照組明顯縮小(P值均<0.01),其中60%、80%、95%乙醇注射組的RTV<1,T/C<30%,且隨著乙醇濃度的增加RTV及T/C值越小。80%和95%乙醇注射組的RTV值顯著低于60%乙醇注射組(P值分別為0.003、0.009),而80%和95%乙醇注射組的RTV差異無統計學意義(P=0.819,表1,圖2)。

表1 不同濃度乙醇對裸鼠種植瘤的治療效果
注:與對照組比較,aP<0.01;與60%乙醇注射組比較,bP<0.01

圖1對照組(a)和20%(b)、40%(c)、60%(d)、80%(e)、95%(f)乙醇注射組治療前(左)及治療后1周(右)的大體標本

圖2 對照組及各濃度乙醇注射組的RTV
三、種植瘤病理組織學改變
對照組未見腫瘤壞死,20%和40%乙醇組腫瘤瘤體內可見少量壞死,而60%、80%和95%乙醇組的瘤體內出現大面積凝固性壞死(圖3)。

圖3對照組(a)和20%(b)、40%(c)、60%(d)、80%(e)、95%(f)乙醇注射組治療后1周種植瘤的病理改變(HE ×100)
經皮乙醇消融在肝、腎囊腫及某些實體腫瘤如原發性肝癌、腎上腺腫瘤等方面治療已取得較好的療效[5-8]。但EUS引導下乙醇消融對胰腺癌治療的報道較少。為了評價EUS引導下乙醇消融治療胰腺癌的安全性,Aslanian等[9]在EUS引導下對豬的正常胰腺進行乙醇注射,結果發現,豬均可耐受乙醇,并無胰腺炎的發生,僅有輕度的淀粉酶升高,在胰腺注射部位可見炎細胞浸潤、壞死和纖維化。2005年Gan等[10]報道,用EUS引導下細針瘤內注射乙醇治療胰腺囊性腫瘤是安全可行的。Oh等[11-12]報道一項前瞻性研究,在EUS引導下行乙醇加紫杉醇注射治療胰腺囊性腫瘤,結果完全緩解率達62%,僅1例并發輕度胰腺炎,1例并發脾靜脈栓塞,是安全有效的治療方法。Jürgensen等[13]報道1例EUS引導下給予95%乙醇8 ml注射治療胰島素瘤,治療期間僅出現輕微的胰腺炎,3 d后恢復正常,治療后患者低血糖癥狀明顯改善,隨訪34個月,再次行EUS檢查發現原發部位的腫塊已消失。另外治療1例胰腺內2個神經內分泌瘤,腫塊大小分別是11 mm和7 mm,在EUS引導下給予40%乙醇2 ml注射治療,隨訪18個月,患者血管活性腸肽及鉻粒素A水平均恢復正常,MRI檢查胰腺呈陰性[14]。
本研究結果顯示,隨著注射的乙醇濃度增加,裸鼠皮下胰腺癌種植瘤的壞死面積增大,瘤體積明顯縮小。80%和95%乙醇注射組的療效優于60%乙醇注射組,這2種濃度的療效接近,但80%乙醇注射組死亡1只,95%乙醇注射組死亡2只,表明瘤內注射80%乙醇治療裸鼠皮下胰腺癌種植瘤是較安全、有效的。
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Theeffectsofintra-tumoralinjectionofethanolonnudemicewithimplantedpancreaticcancer
ZHANGWen-ying,WUHong-yu,GUOYan,GONGYan-fang,GAOJun,JINZhen-dong,LIZhao-shen.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
Correspondingauthor:JINZhen-dong,Email:zhendjin@126.com
ObjectiveTo study the efficacy of intra-tumoral injection of different concentrations of ethanol for nude mice with implanted pancreatic cancer and provide evidence for choosing appropriate concentration of ethanol for clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer.MethodsA subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of human pancreatic cancer SW1990 was established. Forty-eight nude mice with similar tumor size were randomly divided into 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 95% ethanol injection groups and saline injection group. The longest (a) and the shortest diameters (b) of tumor of nude mice were measured. Tumor volume (TV), relative tumor volume (RTV) and the relative rate of tumor proliferation (T/C%) were calculated. Eight days later the nude mice were sacrificed. The tumor tissue was harvested for pathologic examinations.ResultsRTV in 20% ethanol injection group was similar that of saline injection group (P=0.212). RTV in 40%, 60%, 80% and 95% ethanol injection groups were significantly lower than that in saline injection group (P<0.01). RTV was less than 1 and T/C% was less than 30% in 60%, 80% and 95% ethanol injection groups. The values of RTV and T/C% decreased with the increase of ethanol concentration. RTV in 80% and 95% ethanol injection groups were significantly lower than that of 60% ethanol injection group (P=0.003 andP=0.009). RTV was similar in 80% and 95% ethanol injection groups (P=0.819). The pathologic examinations showed no tumor necrosis in saline injection group, while small amounts of necrosis in implanted pancreatic cancer was observed in 20% and 40% ethanol injection groups, while a large area of coagulation necrosis could be found in 60%, 80% and 95% ethanol injection groups.ConclusionsIntra-tumoral injection of 80% ethanol is feasible therapy method for nude mice with human pancreatic cancer xenografts.
Pancreatic neoplasms; Ethanol; Ultrasonography, endoscopic; Injections, intralesional
2013-01-11)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2013.03.012
上海市科學技術委員會(11D21921605)
200433 上海,第二軍醫大學長海醫院消化內科
金震東,Email:zhendjin@126. com