讓“被動語態”不再被動

黃浩

一、語態的概述

英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。

由上圖可知：

1.主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。

例如：Many people speak Chinese.

說明：謂語speak的動作是由主語many people來執行的。2.被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.

說明：主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者。

【典型例題】

（2012年貴州貴陽第39題）In order to make our hometown more beautiful， trees _______ around the city every year. A.plantB.are plantedC.will plant【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞語態的用法。trees與plant存在著被動關系，應用動詞的被動語態。根據句意：為了我們的家鄉更美麗，每年圍著城市多種些樹。故選B。

二、被動語態的構成

“助動詞be+過去分詞”。（時態在be動詞上體現）

【典型例題】

1.（2012年江蘇泰州第10題）—Do you like reading books？

—Yes. Each of us______to do more reading in and after class.

A.are encouraged

B. encourage

C.is encouraged

D. is encouraging

【答案】C

【解析】考查一般現在時被動語態。意思是：我們每個人被鼓勵，each做主語，謂語動詞用單數形式，故選C。

2.（2012年貴州遵義第34題）Nick_____ a job in a bank， but to our surprise， he didnt take it.

A. offeredB. has offered

C. was offered

【答案】C

【解析】考查一般過去時的被動語態。Nick被提供了一份工作，由he didnt take it可知本題是過去時，因此用一般過去時被動語態。

3.（201 2年黑龍江雞西第30題）She_____ her hometown for many years. No one nearly knows her.

A. has been away from

B. has leftC. had left

【答案】A

【解析】考查現在完成時的被動語態。由for many years可知是現在完成時的被動語態。故選A。

三、主動語態改被動語態的方法

（一）將主動語態改為被動語態應注意以下三個方面：

1.將主動語態的賓語改為被動語態的主語；

2.將主動語態的謂語動詞改為“be+過去分詞”結構；

3.將主動語態的主語改為介詞by之后的賓語，放在謂語動詞之后（有時可省略）。

如：I was doing my homework.

→My homeworkwasbeingdonebyme.

（二）含直接賓語和間接賓語的主動語態改為被動語態時有兩種情況：

1.把間接賓語改為被動語態的主語，直接賓語仍保留原位；

2.把直接賓語改為主動語態的主語，此時，間接賓語前要加介詞to或for.

如：He gave the boy an apple.

→The boy was given an apple.（或An apple was given to the boy.）

（三）帶復合賓語的動詞在改為被動語態時，一般把主動語態的賓語改為主語，賓語補足語在被動語態中作主語補足語。

如：We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang.

（四）短語動詞是不可分割的整體，改為被動語態時要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可遺漏。

如：We must take good care of the young trees.

→The young trees must be taken good care of.

（五）主動句中在感官動詞see， hear， watch， feel， notice等，及使役動詞make， let， have等后跟省略to的不定式，變成被動語態時，應還原省略的不定式符號to.

如：He makes the girl stay here.→The girl is made to stay here.

（六）含有賓語從句的主動結構變為被動結構時，通常用it作為被動結構的先行主語，從句放在句子后面。可以這樣轉換為被動結構的動詞有know， say， believe， find， think， report等。

如：People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.

【典型例題】

1.（2012廣東梅州第42題）In the old days， they_______ in the factory from morning to evening.

A.weremadetowork B.askedtowork C.madetoworkD. wereaskedforwork【答案】A

【解析】in the old days表示過去，考察一般過去時的被動語態，故選A。

2.（2012新疆阜康第35題）The old over 90_____ not only by their family but also by the government in many places.

A. is looked at B. are taken good care of

C.aretakengoodcareD.islookingafter

【答案】B

【解析】the old表示老人這一類人，看成復數，再者一般情況下不及物動詞沒有被動語態，一些動詞短語可以有被動語態，但短語中的介詞、副詞不能省略。故選B。

3.（2012湖北黃岡第42題）—Do you have Jays CDs？

—Sorry， they are _____. But well get some more next week because they _____.

A. sold well； are on sale

B. sold out； sell well

C. selling well； sell well

D. for sale； sell well

【答案】B

【解析】第一空要表達“對不起，他們被全賣沒了”，they和sell out之間是一種被動關系，所以要用被動語態；第二空，表達產品暢銷使用sell well主動表被動的意思，所以選擇答案B。

四、不能用于被動語態的情況

1.某些表示“靜態”的及物動詞（表示狀態而不是動作，而且常常是不可用于進行時態的動詞）如have， fit， suit， hold， cost， suffer， last等不能用于被動語態。

如：They have a nice car.

My shoes dont fit me.

2.某些及物動詞可作不及物動詞用，特別是后加副詞（如well， easily等）時。主動語態有被動含義，來表示主語的某個特性，使得動作得以順利實施或難以順利實施，這類動詞常見的有sell， write， wear， wash， cook， open， close， lock， read， record等。

如：His new novel sells well.

3.feel， look， appear， sound， taste， smell等由實義動詞演變而來的系動詞，后接形容詞作表語，不可用于被動語態。

如：The soup tastes wonderful.

4.賓語是不定式或動詞的-ing形式時，不可用于被動語態。

如：Peter hoped to meet her.

Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.五、主動結構表示被動意義

1.英語中很多動詞如act， break，catch， cut， clean， drive， draw， let， lock， open， sell， read， write， wash， wear等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，其主動形式常用來表達被動含義。

如：Kates book reads like an interesting novel.

2.在need， want， require等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。

如：The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.

3.表示感官意義的連系動詞如smell， feel， taste， look， sound等在句子中常表達被動含義。

如：Good medicine tastes bitter.

【習題精選】

<單項選擇/b>

1.Manyaccidents____bycareless drivers last year.

A. are causedB. were caused

C. have causedD. will cause

2. Driving a fter drinking wine_____in China.

A. allowsB. doesnt allow

C. is allowedD. isnt allowed

3. It will be t wo days before the decision_________.

A. has madeB. will be made

C. was madeD. is made

4.—Did you go to Jims birthday party？

—No， I_____.

A. havent invited B. didnt invite

C. am not invitedD. wasnt invited

5. At last the boy was made______and began to laugh.

A. stop cryingB. to stop to cry

C. to stop cryingD. stop to cry

6. Trees ________ every year to make our city greener.

A.plantB.areplanted

C. were plantedD. will be planted

7. In the past the children were made______15 hours a day.

A. to lockB. work

C. to workD. lock

8. Food safety is important. Rules______ to stop people from food pollution.

A. must makeB. must be made

C. cant makeD. cant be made

9.—How often do I need to feed the bird？

—They____food every day， or they will be hungry.

A. must giveB. mustnt give

C. must be givenD. mustnt be give

10.Eachtimetouriststravelto Beijing， they_______ the Forbidden City.

A.willbeshownup

B. will be shown around

C. will show aroundD. will show to

11. The radio says a wild animal zoo is going to ____ in our city.

A. be builtB. built

C. buildD. be building

12. The Spring Festival____in January or February.

A. celebratesB. is celebrated

C. celebratedD. was celebrated

13. A lot of trees ______ on the hill yesterday.

A. are plantedB. will be planted

C. have been planted D. were planted

14. Im glad to find that manytrees_______ in our city last year.

A. plantB. planted

C. were plantedD. are planted

15. As everyone knows， rubbish _______ everywhere.

A. need be thrown

B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may throw

二、把主動語態改為被動語態1. He gave me a present._____________ 2. My sister made the soup.___________ 3. Someone must have taken it.________ 4. The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.____________

5. I didnt tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.___________________

6. I cant find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.____________________

三、按要求改寫下列句子

1. Is tea grown in south china by people？（改為主動語態）

_____ people ______ tea in south china？

2. The children will sing an English song.（改為被動語態）

An English song ___ ___ __ by the children.

3. You neednt do it now. （改為被動語態）

It ____ _____ _____ by you now.

4. People use metal for making machines.（改為被動語態）

Metal ______ ______ _____making machines.

5.Hemademedothatforhim.（改為被動語態）

I ____ ______ _____ _____ that for him.

6. Did they build a bridge here a year ago？ （改為被動語態）

__________ a bridge __________ here by them a year ago？

參考答案；

一、1.答案B。由last year可知要用過去時，由后面的by可知要用被動語態，所以選擇答案B。

2.答案D。句意為“酒后駕車在中國是不被允許的”，可知為否定的被動語態，故選D。3.答案D。句意為“在下決心之前，將有兩天的時間”根據語境可知選D。

4.答案D。句意為“你去參加吉姆的生日聚會了嗎？”“我沒被邀請”，I與invite應為過去的被動的關系，故選D。

5.答案C。make， have， see等動詞在變為被動語態時要把省略的不定式符號to補出來；stop to do“停下來去干…”；stop doing“停止做…”句意為“小男孩停止哭，笑了起來。”故選C。

6.答案B。根據句意“每年種很多樹來使我們的城市更綠”，可知用被動語態，時間狀語為every year，因此用一般現在時，故選B。

7.答案C。be made to do sth被迫做某事，故選C。

8.答案B。句意：食品安全很重要，必須制定制度來阻止人們遭受食品污染。根據句意應該含情態動詞must的被動語態，即must be done.

9.答案C。they即birds，they和give為被動關系，因此用被動語態。由句意“必須每天給他們食物，否則他們將非常餓。”故選C。

10.答案B。短語show up意為“揭露”，show around意為“帶領……看”，此處是指那些人被領著參觀紫禁城，每次都要被帶著去參觀，故選B。

11.答案A。根據主語和謂語動詞的關系可以看出是被動形式；be gong to后面跟動詞原形，故選A。

12.答案B。人們在一月或二月慶祝春節，是個習慣性動作，用一般現在時，春節是被人們慶祝的，用被動語態表示，故選B。

13.答案D。由時間狀語yesterday可知，用一般過去時，由trees和plant構成被動關系，用一般過去時的被動語態。

14.答案C。由last year可推斷用一般過去時。trees和plant為被動關系，因此，為一般過去時的被動語態。句意為：我很高興地發現在我們的城市去年種了許多樹，故選C。

15.答案B。垃圾rubbish和throw為被動關系，應用被動語態，排除C和D，句意為“每個人都知道的，到處都禁止扔垃圾”，Mustnt表禁止，故選B。

二、1. I was given a present by him.

2. The soup was made by my sister.

3. It must have been taken by someone.

4. A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.

5. You were not told（that） the job could be done by Xiao Wang.

6. My dictionary cant be found. It has been taken by someone.

三、1. Do， grow 2. will be sung 3. neednt be done 4. is used for 5. was made to do 6. Was， built